France-India relations
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History: France-India relations
35th Infantry Regiment (35e régiment d'infanterie)
The Times of India, Jan 27 2016
Manimugdha Sharma
French regiment is `back' after 232 yrs
As the 124-member French military contingent marched down Rajpath amid loud cheers, they became the first foreign soldiers to take part in the Republic Day parade. But here's a fascinating fact--the moment brought the French Army , Indian Army , Pakistan Army , Tipu Sultan and the Swedish monarchy on the same side of history for the first time. The French marching contingent included 76 personnel from the 35th Infantry Regiment of the French Army (35e régiment d'infanterie). This regiment had served in India from 1781 to 1784 in its previous avatar as the 35 Aquitaine Regiment.As part of the Franco-Mysore alliance, it took part in the Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84), fought between the forces of the East India Company and the kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. The war ran parallel to the American Revolutionary War where the English were fighting their American colonies that were supported by the French.
During the war, Hyder Ali died and Tipu Sultan was forced to retreat to his capital in March when the Bombay Army invaded Mysore. The British decided to seize the opportunity to retake Cuddalore, which had been siezed by Hyder from them earlier. The English advanced on Cuddalore with 1600 European troops and 8,000 Indian troops and were joined by 1,000 cavalry of the Nawab of Arcot. Facing them were nearly 12,000 French and Indian troops, including 2,000 cavalry left behind by Tipu, under the command of Marquis de Bussy .
On June 25, 1783, the French tried to dislodge the British. At 3pm, the Aquitaine Regiment exchanged musket volleys with British and Indian troops and then conducted a bayonet charge. Facing this charge were Indian troops of the 24th Bengal Native Infantry and Madras Army . The charge was repulsed and the French withdrew with 450 men killed or wounded and 150 taken prisoners. Among those captured was Chevalier de Damas, who led the charge, and a young wounded soldier, Jean Baptiste de Bernadotte who later became a marshal in Napoleonic France and eventually became the king of Sweden.
Interestingly , the House of Bernadotte still rules Sweden. Meanwhile, the gallant action of the Indians was acknowledged and praised in England. “It was held as equally singular and extraordinary that the 24th battalion of the Bengal Sepoys, with another belonging to Madras, fought some of the oldest and best troops of France with the bayonet, and foiled them at that favourite European weapon, which is supposed to be the most trying test of the firmness and excellence of soldiers.
It will probably then afford no small satisfaction to many who read this narrative, to be in formed, that the general, in his address of thanks to the army , gave an assurance to those brave sepoys, that he would recommend their distinguished services to the governments of Bengal and Madras, that they , and their families, should be ever supported and rewarded according to their merit,“ reported the Annual Register of 1783 edited by none other than Edmund Burke.
The 24th Bengal Native Infantry later mutinied in 1857 and was disbanded, only to be re-raised in 1861. Today, it continues as the 6 Punjab Regiment of Pakistan Army .
The Aquitaine Regiment was withdrawn in 1784, while Mysore itself fell in 1799. Tipu's cavalry , which aided the French, later became the Mysore Lancers. After Independence, the Mysore, Gwalior and Jodhpur lancers were amalgamated into 61 Cavalry . On Tuesday , they marched immediately behind the French troops, as if it were a tribute to their former allies. Further back marched the brass band of the Madras Regimental Centre, the former nemesis of the French.
2000-19: a special relationship grows
Indrani Bagchi, Sep 5, 2019: The Times of India
Could France be taking over the special place Russia has in the Indian system? It’s been about two decades in the making, but this scratch card may be finally showing its combination.
Consider: Isro wants to go to Venus, and send up a manned space mission. France is a partner. In the Indian Ocean region, France and India have agreed to send up almost 12 satellites to enhance maritime domain awareness. France has offered to share its naval bases with India in Reunion, Abu Dhabi, Djibouti. New Delhi and Paris are on the same page on their Indo-Pacific policies.
Russia doesn’t believe in the idea of the Indo-Pacific, and has been quite irritated with India for pushing what Moscow sees as a US line, while Indian policy is rooting itself in the Indo-Pacific. India is slowly moving away from Russian weapons to Russian energy, which is big. But look at Mozambique for a second. ONGC and Total will operate the Rovuma gas block which holds proven reserves of 75 billion cubic feet, possibly India’s largest investment in Africa.
On the defence front, India has been diversifying away from Russian equipment. But while it has ramped up its defence buys from the US, it is France who seems to be getting some of the big orders. Leave aside Rafale for the moment, the surprise story in the defence space appears to be a joint development of a new generation jet engine in a project unimaginatively dubbed “Infra”. This is important, not only in and of itself but because no one else is in this game and unlike with Russia, India isn’t looking over French shoulders at – China.
Frankly, French industry is actually priced out of the market, comparable to selling regular wine for the price of champagne. To grow, they need lower costs, therefore potentially a partner like India. If India can get its defence manufacturing sector up and running, it’s actually a good fit for French companies to do more here, perhaps even grow their currently shrinking market. It’s no coincidence the outgoing French ambassador Alexandre Ziegler is the new boss at Safran, which is working on the jet engine project with India.
The interesting area is climate change – France sees itself as the global mover and shaker of the climate sector, particularly after the US abdicated its place. But again, it needs scale. India provides the numbers and heft. India is a surprisingly active participant in this space, devising ways to reduce HFC pollution, cleaner maritime transportation and other climate goals. Having delinked itself from China in the climate sphere, India is using the platform provided by France to advance its own goals – prima facie, cleaner growth, with leap-frogging cleaner technologies to creating global space for its development agenda, a favourite of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. At the G7 summit last weekend, President Emmanuel Macron showcased India’s voice.
India’s climate activism has global political ambitions – international solar alliance, the coming one-planet summit, etc serving to create alliances around affirmative goals with India playing the lead. India as a climate change agent has huge play in the developed world, allowing India to leverage intent and scale for technology as well as feed its leading power ambition.
With the UK out of the EU, India is also moving its European centre of gravity to France. For its part, France is discovering the way to India’s heart – tourism and students, and a vegetarian option. On terrorism, etc France has been more forthcoming than many others including Russia. If earlier India stuck to Russia for UNSC veto support, France is coming forward to play that role, which gives India space. Moreover, France doesn’t evoke the same reaction in Washington that Russia does, a relief in New Delhi.
France plays an interesting ‘independent’ role, part of the Western alliance yet with its ‘singularities’. For instance, Macron’s attempts to bring Russia back into the G7 or save Iran’s JCPOA finds approval in New Delhi. Not for nothing did foreign secretary Vijay Gokhale declare that India would support “all” of France’s G7 objectives.
The Indian state still holds Russia in its heart, but Moscow is headed in a direction where India will not go. America is a superpower, not always on India’s side. France could become India’s Goldilocks option.
Summits
1998-2017
Kanwal Sibal , Deepening the French connection “India Today” 19/3/2018
October 1998, Paris
President Jacques Chirac-Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vajpayee's visit to France came just five months after the global opprobrium over India's nuclear tests in May 1998. France was the only western nation that didn't condemn the tests, endorsed India's right to test nuclear weapons and signed a strategic partnership
February 2006, New Delhi
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh-President Jacques Chirac Chirac assures India of France's help in building a consensus in the 44-member Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) on granting New Delhi access to nuclear fuel and technology for civilian use
September 2008, Paris
President Nicolas Sarkozy-Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Singh visits Paris to sign a civil nuclear deal, making France the first country to open nuclear commerce with India in 34 years after the NSG waiver on September 6, 2008
December 2010, New Delhi
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh-President Nicolas Sarkozy India signs a $10 billion deal to buy two nuclear reactors from France following talks between Manmohan Singh and Sarkozy. France supports India's entry into the NSG and a permanent membership for it in the UN Security Council
April 2015, Paris
Prime Minister Narendra Modi-President Francois Hollande France supports India's accession to the NSG, Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), Australia Group and the Wassenaar Arrangement. India signs an MoU with France for buying 36 Rafale fighter jets
June 2017, Paris
Prime Minister Modi-President Emmanuel Macron
Both leaders endorse the 2015 Paris climate agreement and agree to convene a meeting of the world solar alliance and deepen counterterrorism cooperation
YEAR-WISE DEVELOPMENTS
2019: Joint patrolling mission of Indian Ocean Region
After holding their biggest-ever Varuna naval exercise off Goa and Djibouti in May, India and France will soon launch a joint naval patrolling mission in the Indian Ocean Region to protect their strategic interests, said a top French military officer.
The navies from the two countries will also early next year ink a pact to share classified information for better operational cooperation in the region, said vice admiral Didier Malterre, commander of the French joint forces in IOR. “We are preparing to carry out joint patrol in southern Indian Ocean. India is planning to deploy its P-8I (long-range maritime patrol) aircraft,” he said. He also expressed concern over China expanding its maritime influence in the IOR.
Malterre said China had taken to deploying more and more assets in the IOR including destroyers, nuclear submarines and conventional submarines to ostensibly check piracy. “But submarines are not the best tool to fight piracy. So, there is another ambition behind it and we know that,” he said, indicating China had a bigger strategic aim behind its Belt and Road Initiative and the Hambantota port could well be used for “dual” purposes.
On the proposed India-French pact to facilitate sharing of classified information, he said it would be a rare occasion for his country to have such an arrangement with a non-Nato country.
With the two countries sharing the same political objectives in the IOR, the Indian and French navies have expanded the level and scope of their joint exercises to feature aircraft carriers, submarines and amphibious warships on a regular basis.
