Anushilan Samiti, Calcutta

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In brief

Written by Shriya Dasgupta and Oyeshi Ganguly, Sep 18, 2026: The Indian Express

The birth of Bengal’s Revolutionary Movement

The advent of the revolutionary political movement in India can be traced to 1902, with the creation of the secret society Anushilan Samiti in Calcutta. What began as physical education and gymnasium clubs soon became a hub of anti-British revolutionary activities.

After Sri Aurobindo and his younger brother Barin Ghosh returned to Calcutta from Baroda following the Partition of Bengal in 1905, the Maniktala Secret Society was founded under Barin’s leadership. Unlike Sri Aurobindo, who advocated building the capacity to organise a violent armed uprising against the Empire, Barin believed in targeted assassinations.

The first phase of the revolutionary uprising, which began in 1906, saw several attempts to assassinate British officials and the first use of bombs. It reached a climax with the Alipore Bomb Trials (1908-09). The first phase of armed resistance in Bengal subsequently waned as many nationalist leaders were arrested and imprisoned in connection with the case.