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| </div> | | </div> |
| |} | | |} |
− | [[Category:India|B]] | + | [[Category:Myanmar|P]] |
− | [[Category:Places|B]] | + | [[Category:Places|P]] |
| ''Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. '' | | ''Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. '' |
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| waddy District , on the west b> Myaungmya ; and on the north by | | waddy District , on the west b> Myaungmya ; and on the north by |
| Ma-ubin. The entire area consists of a vast plain, intersected by tidal | | Ma-ubin. The entire area consists of a vast plain, intersected by tidal |
− | creeks and waterways. With the exception of some | + | creeks and waterways. With the exception of some aspects very sma11 areas caue(i kondans, the whole of this |
− | | + | |
− | aspects very sma11 areas caue(i kondans, the whole of this | + | |
| level is subject to inundation at high spring-tides, | | level is subject to inundation at high spring-tides, |
| and a good deal is submerged throughout the monsoon period The | | and a good deal is submerged throughout the monsoon period The |
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| Irrawaddy, and thence almost due south into the sea at Pyindaye, | | Irrawaddy, and thence almost due south into the sea at Pyindaye, |
| under the name of the Dala river, Its lower reaches are sepaiated | | under the name of the Dala river, Its lower reaches are sepaiated |
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| from those of the Irrawaddy by two large islands which aie covered | | from those of the Irrawaddy by two large islands which aie covered |
| with fuel reseives. Besides these more important channels, the District | | with fuel reseives. Besides these more important channels, the District |
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| copious rainfall, rather in excess of the mean for the delta. The | | copious rainfall, rather in excess of the mean for the delta. The |
| annual average is about 95 inches, deci easing towards the north in the | | annual average is about 95 inches, deci easing towards the north in the |
− | areas farthest removed from the coast. | + | areas farthest removed from the coast. |
| | | |
| ==History== | | ==History== |
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| has been slower than that of the revenue. The following table | | has been slower than that of the revenue. The following table |
| shows, m thousands of rupees, the development of the revenue since | | shows, m thousands of rupees, the development of the revenue since |
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| + | The total revenue in 1903-4 included Rs. 2,11,000 from capitation |
| + | tax, Rs. 1,86,000 from fisheries, and no less than Rs. 2,86,000 from |
| + | opium and excise. |
| | | |
− | ------=_NextPart_01CF7AD1.57909380 | + | The income of the District cess fund, derived mainly from a 10 per |
− | Content-Location: file:///C:/26696730/1880_files/themedata.thmx
| + | cent, cess on the land revenue, and applied to various local needs, |
− | Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
| + | amounted to 1-4 lakhs in 1903-4. The only municipality is PYAPON |
− | Content-Type: application/vnd.ms-officetheme
| + | KYAIKLAT is at present under a town committee, but is shortly to be |
| + | constituted a municipality |
| | | |
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| + | The District Superintendent of police has the services of two |
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| + | Assistant Superintendents, who are in charge of the subdivisions of |
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| + | Kyaiklat and Pyapon. Under these officers are 4 inspectois, 6 head |
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| + | constables, 26 sergeants, and 134 constables. No mounted men are |
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| + | maintained, but 2 sergeants and 12 men are employed in boats. The |
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| + | civil police are distributed in 5 police stations and 4 outposts, as well |
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| + | as at head-quarters. The military police number 150, of whom 80 aie |
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| + | 15 at Kyonmange on the To river, about 9 or 10 miles above Dedaye. |
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| + | No jail has been built at Pyapon, and prisoners are sent on conviction |
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| + | to the Ma-ubin jail. |
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| | | |
− | ------=_NextPart_01CF7AD1.57909380 | + | The percentages of males and females able to read and write in 1901 |
− | Content-Location: file:///C:/26696730/1880_files/colorschememapping.xml
| + | were returned at 52 and 9 respectively, the proportion for both sexes |
− | Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
| + | being 36 ; but in leahty the condition of education is decidedly back- |
− | Content-Type: text/xml
| + | ward, and the people aie apathetic. The \\eakness of the schools is |
| + | particularly marked in the case of the monastic seminaries, and is |
| + | attributed to the loss of influence due to the deterioration in character |
| + | of \hzpongyis The lay schools are at present somewhat disorganized, |
| + | but the recent improvement which has taken place in the position of |
| + | lay teachers will, it is hoped, bring about an improvement m this class |
| + | of education The most important Buddhist lay schools are at Pyapon |
| + | and Kyaiklat ; and the most advanced monastic seminaries are those |
| + | at Bogale, Dedaye, Thegon, and Kyaiklat, which teach up to the |
| + | middle school standards. In 1904 the District contained 6 secondary, |
| + | 10 1 primary, and 180 elementary (private) schools, with an attendance |
| + | of 5,ni boys and 991 girls. The public expenditure on education |
| + | amounted to only Rs. 7,000 This total was made up of Rs. 4,800 from |
| + | the District cess fund and Rs. 2,200 from the Pyapon town fund. |
| | | |
− | <?xml version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8" standalone=3D"yes"?>
| + | There are three hospitals and a dispensary, with accommodation for |
− | <a:clrMap xmlns:a=3D"http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main"=
| + | 46 in-patients. In 1903 the number of cases treated was 18,733, |
− | bg1=3D"lt1" tx1=3D"dk1" bg2=3D"lt2" tx2=3D"dk2" accent1=3D"accent1" accent=
| + | including 692 m-patients, and 339 operations were performed. The |
− | 2=3D"accent2" accent3=3D"accent3" accent4=3D"accent4" accent5=3D"accent5" a=
| + | income amounted to Rs. 10,500, all but Rs. 500 from subscriptions |
− | ccent6=3D"accent6" hlink=3D"hlink" folHlink=3D"folHlink"/>
| + | being derived from the District cess fund. |
− | ------=_NextPart_01CF7AD1.57909380 | + | |
− | Content-Location: file:///C:/26696730/1880_files/filelist.xml
| + | |
− | Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
| + | |
− | Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8"
| + | |
| | | |
− | <xml xmlns:o=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office">
| + | In 1903-4 the number of successful vaccinations was 1,883, repre- |
− | <o:MainFile HRef=3D"../1880.htm"/>
| + | senting 9 per 1,000 of the population. |
− | <o:File HRef=3D"themedata.thmx"/>
| + | [H. M. S. Mathews, Settlement Report (1893) ; Major F. D. Maxwell, |
− | <o:File HRef=3D"colorschememapping.xml"/>
| + | Report on Inland and Sea Fisheries (1904).] |
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| + | |
− | </xml>
| + | |
− | ------=_NextPart_01CF7AD1.57909380--
| + | |
A sea-board delta District in the Irrawaddy
Division of Lower Burma, lying along the Gulf of Martaban, between
15 40' and 16 41' N. and 95 6' and 96 6' E., with an area of 2,137
square miles. In shape it is a truncated triangle, the sides being the
Irrawaddy on the west and the To or China Bakir river on the east,
while the base is formed by the sea-coast, which has a general south-
west to north-east direction. It is bounded on the east by Hantha-
waddy District , on the west b> Myaungmya ; and on the north by
Ma-ubin. The entire area consists of a vast plain, intersected by tidal
creeks and waterways. With the exception of some aspects very sma11 areas caue(i kondans, the whole of this
level is subject to inundation at high spring-tides,
and a good deal is submerged throughout the monsoon period The
kondans are narrow strips of land, about 4 to 10 feet above the level of
the plain, on which the soil is dry and sandy. They are supposed to
be the remnants of old sea-beaches. The rivers are all tidal, and form
the southeastern portion of the netv\ork of waters by which the Irra-
waddy finds its way into the Gulf of Martaban. That river, running
bouthwaids to the sea, bounds the District on the west, except in one
place where Myaungmya District extends east of the stream. It is
naugable by river craft at all seasons of the year. The To river (or
China Bakir) takes off from the Irrawaddy in Ma-ubin District, and
runs in a south-easterly direction, separating Pyapon from Hantha-
waddy. Four miles below Dedaye it spreads into a secondary delta, its
two western branches being called the Donyan and Thandi nveis, both
wide but of little importance. Into the To river itself (the eastern
branch), at the extreme south-east cornei of the District, flows the
Thakutpm or Bassein creek, a tidal waterway which gives river com-
munication with Rangoon. In Ma-ubin District, about 20 miles below
the point where the To river leaves the Irrawaddy, the Kyaiklat river
branches off from the To, and flows in a southerly direction, past
Kyaiklat and Pyapon, into the sea. In the latter part of its course
it is called the Pyapon nvei. A few miles below Kyaiklat the Gon-
nymdan stream takes off from the Kyaiklat river, and flows first south-
west as far as Bogale, where it is connected by various creeks with the
Irrawaddy, and thence almost due south into the sea at Pyindaye,
under the name of the Dala river, Its lower reaches are sepaiated
from those of the Irrawaddy by two large islands which aie covered
with fuel reseives. Besides these more important channels, the District
possesses countless tidal creeks the Uyin, Podok, Wayakaing, and
others which convert it into a maze of muddy channels
The geological and botanical features of Pyapon are the same as are
noticed under HANTHAWADDY DISTRICT. The soil is mainly alluvium
and the jungle vegetation is largely swamp,
The tiger and the elephant aie practically confined to the uncleared
areas in the south, where theie aie also herds of wild buffalo, wild hog,
and hog deer. Crocodiles are not uncommon in the creeks, and turtles
abound at certain seasons of the year on the sandbanks along the
southern coast.
The climate, though damp and depressing, is healthy, and the
proximity of the sea renders the temperature equable. The average
minimum temperature throughout the year is about 65, the average
maximum 95, and the average mean about 80. One of the results of
the proximity of the Gulf of Maitaban is that the winds aie decidedly
stronger than farther inland. The country enjoys a regular and
copious rainfall, rather in excess of the mean for the delta. The
annual average is about 95 inches, deci easing towards the north in the
areas farthest removed from the coast.
The District as at present constituted is of modern creation, having
been taken in 1903 from Thong wa (now Ma-ubin) District, which itself
only dates back to 1875 Until recent times the
country was a stretch of unreclaimed jungle, the only
indications of an eailier civilization being in the south-west. The
village of Eya, from which the Irrawaddy takes its name, is now an
insignificant hamlet, though it must have been a place of no little
repute in bygone days. Of historical remains there are practically
none. The most ancient and reveied pagoda is that known as the
Tawkyat at Dedaye, and even this is supposed to be not more than
a hunared years old
Owing to various minor alterations in the township boundaries,
exact figures for the population of the area now composing the District
are not obtainable foi past years In 1881 the whole
District formed little more than a single township of PU
Thongwa, with a population of about 97,000. In 1891 this total had
increased to about 139,000, and in 1901 to 226,443, a rate of growth
exceptional even for Burma.
The distribution according to the Census of 1901 is shown in the
table on the next page.
The only towns are PYAPON, the head-quarters of the District,
KYAIKLAT, and DEDAYE The increase in the northern part has been
normal , but in the two southern townships the giowth of population
has been extraordinarily rapid, reaching 350 per cent, in the sea-board
township of Bogale. Its rapidity is due to immigration into the low-
lying waste areas, where fresh land is constantly being brought under
the plough. The influx has been mainly from Hanthawaddy and
Henzada in Lowei Bui ma, and from Minbu, Myingyan, and Mandalay
in Upper Burma 3 but Indian immigrants are also numerous. Though
the inland portions are densely populated, the southern tracts washed
by the sea have comparatively few inhabitants, large areas in fact being
absolutely uninhabited. Burmese is spoken by 200,000 of the inhabi-
tants, and Karen by 15,000
Burmans form 88 per cent of the total population. Karens, num-
bering about 15,000, inhabit the northern portions, especially the
Kyaiklat township The Indian population is made up of about 2,100
Musalmans and 6,600 Hindus, and is increasing steadily. The num-
ber of persons dependent upon agnculture is 74 per cent, of the total
population. The number of fishermen is large
Till recently theie have been no Christian missionaries at \\oik,
though a considerable body of Karen converts live in the Kyaiklat and
Bogale townships The number of Christians in 1901 was about
4,900. Of these 4,800 weie natrve Christians, most of whom were
Baptists.
The soil resembles that common to the othei lower delta Districts
of the Piovmce. It is a stiff homogeneous clay, deficient in lime, but
admirably adapted to rice cultivation. The greater
part of the cultivated area is inundated, and a con-
siderable portion is but seldom systematically ploughed, the long kaing
grass with which it is covered being cut down and burnt, and the rice
sown broadcast. As the rivers deposit large quantities of silt, the land
in the immediate neighbourhood of their channels is at a higher level
than the interior. During the rains the country consists to a large
extent of vast lakes, whichpatches of higher ground appear as
islands. Large areas of land between the mam rivers he too low for
rice cultivation, and remain untilled swamps.
The mam agricultural statistics for 1903-4 are as follows, aieas
being shown in square miles .
Accurate statistics of the area cultivated in yeais previous to 1903-4
are not available. It is estimated that in 1891 about 350 square miles
were cropped, and this area had increased to 769 square miles by
1901. In 1903-4 nce covered 822 square miles of the total. None
but kaukkyt (wet-season) ncc can be grown A certain amount of
garden cultivation is earned on neai the liver-banks on the richer
soil in the northern paits of the District, in Kyaiklat and Dedaye
The gaidens cover 3,100 acres, the greater part being plantains, though
coco-nut and betel-nut palms aie also giown The dam palm is cul-
tivated along the sides of the creeks, in the southern paits of the
District especially, covering 5,000 acies. The cultivation of tobacco
is insignificant.
Little is done to impiove the systems of cultivation. Loans are not
required for agricultural purposes, although they are taken by the
cultivating classes from money-lenders for all sorts of extravagances,
with the result that land is gradually passing into the hands of non-
resident landlords. The laige aica of cultivable land still unoccupied
and the scarcity of labour keep lents low at present, but the time is
not far off when these conditions vull be less favourable
Domestic animals are not bred in any number: they aie usually
imported, largely from Upper Bui ma. The moist climate and the
swampy character of the land cause buffaloes to be used in pieference
to kine, as a rule Goats are few, and ponies aie rarely kept, o^ing to
the poveity of land communications.
The numerous fisheries, which have been described in considerable
detail in a recent report by Major F. D Maxwell, yielded a revenue of
more than i-| lakhs in 1903-4. The most impoi- . . tant of the inland fisheries he in the north of the Flshenes -
District, in the area enclosed by the To, the Kyaiklat, and the Podok
streams A considerable portion of the out-turn leaves Pyapon in the
shape of ngapt (fish-paste). Tuitle-beds abound along the sea-coast
in the south, and yield large numbeis of turtle-eggs annually. The
variety of tuitle found is that known as the loggerhead, the green
turtle does not frequent the Pyapon banks, of which the two best
known aie the Thaungkadun and the Kamgthaung,
A considerable stretch of 'reserved' forests occupies 558 square
miles in the southern portion of the Bogale township. The forests
have been reserved chiefly as a precaution against
scarcity of fuel in the future , they are tidal and
contain no timber trees of any value. The chief forest trees found in
them are the kyanan (Xylocarpus Granatuni), the kanazo (Hentiera
minor), the kanbala (Sonneratia apetala), the pyu (Rhiwphora conju-
gata), the laba (Bignonia\ and the tamu (Sonneratia acida), all tropical
mangrove forest trees. The thinbaimg (Phoenix, paludosa)^ a small
palm, grows freely in the District, and is largely used for building
purposes. On the coast a common species is the tayaw (Ecccoecaria
Agallocha\ The dam palm (Nipa fruhcans) and the danon (Calamus
arborescens) abound, and are extensively used for thatching. The
receipts from the extraction of cane and othei minor forest products
amounted in 1903-4 to Rs. 12,700.
Within recent years attempts have been made to establish rice-mills
in the District. At present five are working in the neighbourhood of
the principal towns, but it remains to be seen
Trade and w h e ther they will prove remunerative. Besides rice-
milling and the preparation of ngapi no manu-
factures of importance aie carried on, and no arts are practised.
Paddy and ngapi are exported, the first mainly to Rangoon, the
latter principally to Upper Burma, Horns, hides, and firewood are
sent to Rangoon, the latter in veiy considerable quantities, The
imports comprise the usual necessaries of an agiicultural population
silk and cotton goods, kerosene oil, sugar, salt, jaggery, pickled tea,
areca-nuts, hardware, and crockery. The trade is all carried by water,
and a large share of it is in the hands of the Iirawaddy Flotilla
Company,
The netwoik of rivers a.nd creeks spreading over the District gives
ample means of communication, both internal and external. Outside
the towns there are no roads, but a beginning will shortly be made in
road-making. Launches ply daily between Rangoon and Pyapon via
Dedaye and Kyaiklat, between Yandoon (in Ma-ubm District) and
Pyapon via Ma-ubm and Kyaiklat, and between Kyaiklat and Bogale
via Pyapon Bi-weekly steamers run from Rangoon to Moulmeingyun
m Myaungmya District through Dedaye, Kyaiklat, Pyapon, and Bogale,
as well as from Rangoon to Kyaikpi, in Myaungmya District, and to
Pyindaye in the dry season. All these services are maintained by the
Irrawaddy Flotilla Company The waterways swarm with native craft,
and at most of the principal towns ferries across the rivers are con-
trolled by Government.
The District is divided into two subdivisions : Pyapon, comprising
the PYAPON and BOGALE townships , and Kyaiklat, comprising the
KYAIKLAT and DEDAYK townships. These are staffed b> the usual
executive officers, under whom are 393 village headmen and 4 circle
thugyis. For public works purposes the District forms
a subdivision of the Myaungmya division, which also includes Ma-ubm and Myaungmya Districts, The forests lie within
the Henzada-Thongwa Forest division, the head-quarters of which are
at Henzada.
Pyapon is in the jurisdiction of the Judge of the Delta Division, who
tries sessions cases. The civil work of the District is dealt with by
a District Judge, who has his head-quarters at Myaungmya, and also
has jurisdiction in Ma-ubin District Two officers have been appointed
judges of the Bogale-^/w-Pyapon and the Kyaiklat-^;-Dedaye town-
ship courts respectively, to relieve the township officers of civil work.
Otherwise the local executive officers preside ovei their respective
courts, civil and criminal. As in other parts of the delta, crime is
considerable, burglaries, thefts, and serious assaults being common.
Violent crime, such as dacoity and robbery, is moie rife than in the
non-delta Districts, but shows signs of diminution. Cattle-thieving, an
important profession in the Districts noith and east of the delta, is not
common, the reason being that the conformation of the country does
not lend itself to the operations of the cattle-lifter. In a large number
of cases of serious hurt clasp-knives are used, and special efforts are
being made to bring about a diminution of this form of crime.
Under Burmese rule the method of assessment was, as in the rest of
the delta Districts, based on the number of yoke of plough animals
used by the cultivator, amounting roughly to half the gross out-turn.
In 1868 acre rates were introduced, varying from R. i to Rs. 2-4
per acre; and these continued in force till 1891-2, when the greater
part of the District was brought under settlement, Nearly the whole
of the Bogale township was omitted from this settlement, the few
cultivated patches in the huge jungle spreading over this township
continuing to be taxed at a uniform rate of Rs. 2-4 per acre. Over
the rest of the District rice land was assessed at rates varying from
Rs. 1-12 on the poorest inundated lands to Rs. 3 on lands which
were always certain of good crops, the average being Rs, 2-6.
Miscellaneous crops were taxed at the uniform rate of Rs. 2, and
orchards at a uniform rate of Rs. 3 per acre, except in a few restricted
localities where the rate was only Rs. 2-4. Finally, in 1901-2 the
Bogale township was brought under settlement, and the following rates
were fixed : on rice land, from Rs. 2-8 to Rs. 5 per acre } on miscella-
neous cultivation, Rs. 2-4 ; on orchards, Rs. 2-4 ; on betel-vines,
Rs. 10 on dani palms, Rs. 5 per acre.
Rapid as has been the growth of population and cultivation, it
has been slower than that of the revenue. The following table
shows, m thousands of rupees, the development of the revenue since
The total revenue in 1903-4 included Rs. 2,11,000 from capitation
tax, Rs. 1,86,000 from fisheries, and no less than Rs. 2,86,000 from
opium and excise.
The income of the District cess fund, derived mainly from a 10 per
cent, cess on the land revenue, and applied to various local needs,
amounted to 1-4 lakhs in 1903-4. The only municipality is PYAPON
KYAIKLAT is at present under a town committee, but is shortly to be
constituted a municipality
The District Superintendent of police has the services of two
Assistant Superintendents, who are in charge of the subdivisions of
Kyaiklat and Pyapon. Under these officers are 4 inspectois, 6 head
constables, 26 sergeants, and 134 constables. No mounted men are
maintained, but 2 sergeants and 12 men are employed in boats. The
civil police are distributed in 5 police stations and 4 outposts, as well
as at head-quarters. The military police number 150, of whom 80 aie
at head-quarters, 25 at Kyaiklat, 15 each at Dedaye and Bogale, and
15 at Kyonmange on the To river, about 9 or 10 miles above Dedaye.
No jail has been built at Pyapon, and prisoners are sent on conviction
to the Ma-ubin jail.
The percentages of males and females able to read and write in 1901
were returned at 52 and 9 respectively, the proportion for both sexes
being 36 ; but in leahty the condition of education is decidedly back-
ward, and the people aie apathetic. The \\eakness of the schools is
particularly marked in the case of the monastic seminaries, and is
attributed to the loss of influence due to the deterioration in character
of \hzpongyis The lay schools are at present somewhat disorganized,
but the recent improvement which has taken place in the position of
lay teachers will, it is hoped, bring about an improvement m this class
of education The most important Buddhist lay schools are at Pyapon
and Kyaiklat ; and the most advanced monastic seminaries are those
at Bogale, Dedaye, Thegon, and Kyaiklat, which teach up to the
middle school standards. In 1904 the District contained 6 secondary,
10 1 primary, and 180 elementary (private) schools, with an attendance
of 5,ni boys and 991 girls. The public expenditure on education
amounted to only Rs. 7,000 This total was made up of Rs. 4,800 from
the District cess fund and Rs. 2,200 from the Pyapon town fund.
There are three hospitals and a dispensary, with accommodation for
46 in-patients. In 1903 the number of cases treated was 18,733,
including 692 m-patients, and 339 operations were performed. The
income amounted to Rs. 10,500, all but Rs. 500 from subscriptions
being derived from the District cess fund.
In 1903-4 the number of successful vaccinations was 1,883, repre-
senting 9 per 1,000 of the population.
[H. M. S. Mathews, Settlement Report (1893) ; Major F. D. Maxwell,
Report on Inland and Sea Fisheries (1904).]