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INDIA 2012

A REFERENCE ANNUAL

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RESEARCH, REFERENCE AND TRAINING DIVISION

PUBLICATIONS DIVISION

MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

India: The Land and the People

"INDIA is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only." —Mark Twain

India has a unique culture and is one of the oldest and greatest civilizations of the world. It stretches from the snow-capped Himalayas in the North to sun drenched coastal villages of the South, the humid tropical forests on the south-west coast, the fertile Brahamputra valley on its East to the Thar desert in the West. It covers an area of 32,87,263 sq. km.1 It has achieved all-round socio-economic progress during the last 63 years of its Independence. India is the seventh largest country in the world and ranks second in population. The country stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains and the sea, which give her a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer, tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west.

Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere, the mainland extends between latitudes 8°4' and 37°6' north, longitudes 68°7' and 97°25' east and measures about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between the extreme longitudes. It has a land frontier of about 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km.

India: PHYSICAL BACKGROUND

Countries having a common border with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north-west, China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north, Myanmar to the far east and Bangladesh to the east of West Bengal. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. The country can be divided into six zones mainly North, South, East, West, Central and North-east zone. It has 28 states and seven union territories.

India: PHYSICAL FEATURES

The mainland comprises four regions, namely, the great mountain zone, plains of the Ganga and the Indus, the desert region and the southern peninsula. The Himalayas comprise three almost parallel ranges interspersed with large plateaus and valleys, some of which, like the Kashmir and Kullu valleys, are fertile, extensive and of great scenic beauty. Some of the highest peaks in the world are found in these ranges. The high altitudes admit travel only to a few passes, notably the Jelep La and Nathu La on the main Indo-Tibet trade route through the Chumbi Valley, north-east of Darjeeling and Shipki La in the Satluj valley, north-east of Kalpa (Kinnaur). The mountain wall extends over a distance of about 2,400 km with a varying depth of 240 to 320 km. In the east, between India and Myanmar and India and Bangladesh, hill ranges are much lower. Garo, Khasi, Jaintia and Naga Hills, running almost east-west, join the chain to Mizo and Rkhine Hills running northsouth. The plains of the Ganga and the Indus, about 2,400 km long and 240 to 320 km broad, are formed by basins of three distinct river systems - the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. They are one of the world’s greatest stretches of flat alluvium and also one of the most densely populated areas on the earth. Between the Yamuna at Delhi and the Bay of Bengal, nearly 1,600 km away, there is a drop of only 200 metres in elevation.

The desert region can be divided into two parts - the great desert and the little desert. The great desert extends from the edge of the Rann of Kuchch beyond the Luni river northward. The whole of the Rajasthan-Sind frontier runs through this. The little desert extends from the Luni between Jaisalmer and Jodhpur up to the northern wastes. Between the great and the little deserts lies a zone of absolutely sterile country, consisting of rocky land, cut up by limestone ridges.

The Peninsular Plateau is marked off from the plains of the Ganga and the Indus by a mass of mountain and hill ranges varying from 460 to 1,220 metres in height. Prominent among these are the Aravalli, Vindhya, Satpura, Maikala and Ajanta. The Peninsula is flanked on the one side by the Eastern Ghats where average elevation is about 610 metres and on the other by the Western Ghats where it is generally from 915 to 1,220 metres, rising in places to over 2,440 metres. Between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea lies a narrow coastal strip, while between Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, there is a broader coastal area. The southern point of plateau is formed by the Nilgiri Hills where the Eastern and the Western Ghats meet. The Cardamom Hills lying beyond may be regarded as a continuation of the Western Ghats.

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE

The geological regions broadly follow the physical features and may be grouped into three regions: the Himalayas and their associated group of mountains, the Indo- Ganga Plain and the Peninsular Shield.

The Himalayan mountain belt to the north and the Naga-Lushai mountain in the east, are the regions of mountain-building movement. Most of this area, now presenting some of the most magnificent mountain scenery in the world, was under marine conditions about 60 crore years ago. In a series of mountain-building movements commencing about seven crore years ago, the sediments and the basement rocks rose to great heights. The weathering and erosive agencies worked on these to produce the relief seen today. The Indo-Ganga plains are a great alluvial tract that separate the Himalayas in the north from the Peninsula in the south.

The Peninsula is a region of relative stability and occasional seismic disturbances. Highly metamorphosed rocks of the earliest periods, dating back as far as 380 crore years, occur in the area; the rest being covered by the coastal-bearing Gondwana formations, lava flows belonging to the Deccan Trap formation and younger sediments.

India: RIVER SYSTEMS

The river systems of India can be classified into four groups viz., (i) Himalayan rivers, (ii) Deccan rivers, (iii) Coastal rivers, and (iv) Rivers of the inland drainage basin. The Himalayan rivers are formed by melting snow and glaciers and therefore, continuously flow throughout the year. During the monsoon months, Himalayas receive very heavy rainfall and rivers swell, causing frequent floods. The Deccan rivers on the other hand are rainfed and therefore fluctuate in volume. Many of these are non-perennial. The Coastal streams, especially on the west coast are short in length and have limited catchment areas. Most of them are non-perennial. The streams of inland drainage basin of western Rajasthan are few and far apart. Most of them are of an ephemeral character.

The main Himalayan river systems are those of the Indus and the Ganga- Brahmaputra-Meghna system. The Indus, which is one of the great rivers of the world, rises near Mansarovar in Tibet and flows through India and thereafter through Pakistan and finally falls into the Arabian sea near Karachi. Its important tributaries flowing in Indian territory are the Sutlej (originating in Tibet), the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum. The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna is another important system of which the principal sub-basins are those of Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda, which join at Dev Prayag to form the Ganga. It traverses through Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal states. Below Rajmahal hills, the Bhagirathi, which used to be the main course in the past, takes off, while the Padma continues eastward and enters Bangladesh. The Yamuna, the Ramganga, the Ghaghra, the Gandak, the Kosi, the Mahananda and the Sone are the important tributaries of the Ganga. Rivers Chambal and Betwa are the important sub-tributaries, which join Yamuna before it meets the Ganga. The Padma and the Brahmaputra join at Bangladesh and continue to flow as the Padma or Ganga. The Brahmaputra rises in Tibet, where it is known as Tsangpo and runs a long distance till it crosses over into India in Arunachal Pradesh under the name of Dihang. Near Passighat, the Debang and Lohit join the river Brahmaputra and the combined river runs all along the Assam in a narrow valley. It crosses into Bangladesh downstream of Dhubri.

The principal tributaries of Brahmaputra in India are the Subansiri, Jia Bhareli, Dhansiri, Puthimari, Pagladiya and the Manas. The Brahmaputra in Bangladesh fed by Tista, etc. finally falls into Ganga. The Barak river, the head stream of Meghna, rises in the hills in Manipur. The important tributaries of the river are Makku, Trang, Tuivai, Jiri, Sonai, Rukni, Katakhal, Dhaleswari, Langachini, Maduva and Jatinga. Barak continues in Bangladesh till the combined Ganga—Brahmaputra join it near Bhairab Bazar.

In the Deccan region, most of the major river systems flowing generally in east direction fall into Bay of Bengal. The major east flowing rivers are Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Mahanadi, etc. Narmada and Tapti are major West flowing rivers.

The Godavari in the southern Peninsula has the second largest river basin covering 10 per cent of the area of India. Next to it is the Krishna basin in the region, while the Mahanadi has the third largest basin. The basin of the Narmada in the uplands of the Deccan, flowing to the Arabian Sea and of the Kaveri in the south, falling into the Bay of Bengal are about the same size, though with different character and shape.

There are numerous coastal rivers, which are comparatively small. While only handful of such rivers drain into the sea near the delta of east coast, there are as many as 600 such rivers on the west coast.

A few rivers in Rajasthan do not drain into the sea. They drain into salt lakes and get lost in sand with no outlet to sea. Besides these, there are the desert rivers which flow for some distance and are lost in the desert. These are Luni, Machhu, Rupen, Saraswati, Banas, Ghaggar and others.

The entire country has been divided into twenty river basins/group of river basins comprising twelve major basins and eight composite river basins. The twelve major river basins are : (1) Indus, (2) Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna, (3) Godavari, (4) Krishna, (5) Cauvery, (6) Mahanadi, (7) Pennar, (8) Brahmani-Baitarani, (9) Sabarmati, (10) Mahi, (11) Narmada and (12) Topi. Each of these basins has a drainage area exceeding 20,000 sq. km.

The eight composite river basins combining suitably together all the other remaining medium (drainage area of 2,000 to 20,000 sq.km) and small river systems (drainage area less than 2000 sq.km) for the purpose of planning and management are : (1) Subernarekha-combining Subernarekha and other small rivers between Subernarekha and Baitarani, (2) East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar; (3) East flowing rivers between Pennar and Kanyakumari; (4) Area of Inland Drainage in Rajasthan Desert; (5) West flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni; (6) West flowing rivers from Tapi to Tadri; (7) West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari and (8) Minor rivers draining into Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh.

CLIMATE/SEASONS

The climate of India may be broadly described as topical monsoon type. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) designates four official seasons: (i) Winter, occurring from December to early April. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around 10-15 °C (50-59 °F) in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around 20-25 °C (68-77 °F) in mainland India's southeast, (ii) Summer or pre-monsoon season, lasting from April to June (April to July in northwestern India). In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April; for northern regions, May is the hottest month. Temperatures average around 32-40 °C (90-104 °F) in most of the interior, (iii) Monsoon or rainy season, lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall, and (iv) Post-monsoon season, lasting from October to December. In northwestern India, October and November are usually cloudless.

The Himalayan states, being more temperate, experience an additional two seasons: autumn and spring. Traditionally, Indians note six seasons, each about two months long. These are the spring (Sanskrit : vasanta), summer (grisma), monsoon season (varsa), early autumn (sarada), late autumn (hemanta), and winter (sisira). These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient Hindu calendar also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months. India's climate is affected by two seasonal winds—the north-east monsoon and the south-west monsoon. The north-east monsoon commonly known as winter monsoon blows from land to sea whereas south-west monsoon known as summer monsoon blows from sea to land after crossing the Indian ocean, the Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal. The south-west monsoon brings most of the rainfall during the year in the country

FLORA

India is rich in flora. Available data place India in the tenth position in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. From about 70 per cent geographical area surveyed so far, over 46,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Kolkata. The vascular flora, which forms the conspicuous vegetation cover, comprises 15,000 species.

With a wide range of climatic conditions from the torrid to the arctic, India has a rich and varied vegetation, which only a few countries of comparable size possess. India can be divided into eight distinct-floristic-regions, namely, the western Himalayas, the eastern Himalayas, Assam, the Indus plain, the Ganga plain, the Deccan, Malabar and the Andamans.

The Western Himalayan region extends from Kashmir to Kumaon. Its temperate zone is rich in forests of chir, pine, other conifers and broad-leaved temperate trees. Higher up, forests of deodar, blue pine, spruce and silver fir occur. The alpine zone extends from the upper limit of the temperate zone of about 4,750 metres or even higher. The characteristic trees of this zone are high-level silver fir, silver birch and junipers. The eastern Himalayan region extends from Sikkim eastwards and embraces Darjeeling, Kurseong and the adjacent tract. The temperate zone has forests of oaks, laurels, maples, rhododendrons, alder and birch. Many conifers, junipers and dwarf willows also grow here. The Assam region comprises the Brahamaputra and the Surma valleys with evergreen forests, occasional thick clumps of bamboos and tall grasses. The Indus plain region comprises the plains of Punjab, western Rajasthan and northern Gujarat. It is dry, hot and supports natural vegetation.

The Ganga plain region covers the area which is alluvial plain and is under cultivation for wheat, sugarcane and rice. Only small areas support forests of widely differing types. The Deccan region comprises the entire table land of the Indian Peninsula and supports vegetation of various kinds from scrub jungles to mixed deciduous forests. The Malabar region covers the excessively humid belt of mountain country parallel to the west coast of the Peninsula. Besides being rich in forest vegetation, this region produces important commercial crops, such as coconut, betelnut, pepper, coffee, tea, rubber and cashewnut. The Andaman region abounds in evergreen, mangrove, beach and diluvial forests. The Himalayan region extending from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh through Sikkim, Meghalaya and Nagaland and the Deccan Peninsula is rich in endemic flora, with a large number of plants which are not found elsewhere.

The flora of the country is being studied by BSI and its nine circle/field offices located throughout the country along with certain universities and research institutions. Ethno-botanical study deals with the utilisation of plants and plant products by ethnic races. A scientific study of such plants has been made by BSI. A number of detailed ethno-botanical explorations have been conducted in different tribal areas of the country. More than 800 plant species of ethno-botanical interest have been collected and identified at different centres.

Owing to destruction of forests for agricultural, industrial and urban development, several Indian plants are facing extinction. About 1,336 plant species are considered vulnerable and endangered. About 20 species of higher plants are categorised as possibly extinct as these have not been sighted during the last 6-10 decades. BSI brings out an inventory of endangered plants in the form of a publication titled Red Data Book.

FAUNA

The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), with its headquarters in Kolkata and various regional stations is responsible for surveying the faunal resources of India. Possessing a tremendous diversity of climate and physical conditions, India has great variety of fauna numbering over 91,307 species. Of these, protista number 2,577, mollusca 5,072, anthropoda 69,903, amphibia 240, mammalia 397, reptilia 460, members of protochordata 119, pisces 2,546, aves 1,232 and other invertebrates 8,329.

The mammals include the majestic elephant, the gaur or Indian bison–the largest of existing bovines, the great Indian rhinoceros, the gigantic wild sheep of the Himalayas, the swamp deer, the thamin spotted deer, nilgai, the four-horned antelope, the Indian antelope or black-buck – the only representatives of these genera. Among the cats, the tiger and lion are the most magnificent of all; other splendid creatures such as the clouded leopard, the snow leopard, the marbled cat, etc., are also found. Many other species of mammals are remarkable for their beauty, colouring, grace and uniqueness. Several birds, like pheasants, geese, ducks, myanahs, parakeets, pigeons, cranes, hornbills and sunbirds inhabit forests and wetlands.

Amongst the crocodiles and gharials, the salt water crocodile is found along the eastern coast and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A project for breeding crocodiles which started in 1974, has been instrumental in saving the crocodile from extinction.

The great Himalayan range has a very interesting variety of fauna that includes the wild sheep and goats, markhor, ibex, shrew and tapir. The panda and the snow leopard are found in the upper reaches of the mountains.

Depletion of forest cover due to expansion of agriculture, habitat destruction, over-exploitation, pollution, introduction of toxic imbalance in community structure, epidemics, floods, droughts and cyclones, contribute to the loss of flora and fauna.

DEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND

CENSUS

The Census of India 2001, is historic and epoch making, being the first census of the twenty-first century and the third millennium. It reveals benchmark data on the state of abundant human resources available in the country, their demography, culture and economic structure at a juncture, which marks a centennial and millenial transition.

Census 2011 is the 15th Census of India since 1872. It was held in two phases:

l House listing and Housing Census (April to Sept. 2010) and l Population Enumeration (9th to 28th February 2011). Reference Date was 0.00 houses of 1st March 2011. In snow bound areas the Population Enumeration was conducted from 11th to 30th September 2010. The entire census 2011 data at the moment is only provisional in nature. The final population data and other related details will be released in February 2012. In view of this, generally the population related data in the present edition of India Reference Annual are as per census 2001. However, the general trends of census (provisional) 2011 are being mentioned as follows :

l Population : Persons-1210.2 million; Males-623.7 million; and Females-586.5 million.

l Density of Population 2001-2011 : Density in 2001:325 and density in 2011 : 382, difference being 17.5% (density is defined as the number of persons per sq km.)

l Gender composition of Population 2011 : Overall sex ratio at the National level has increased by 7 points since census 2001 to reach 940 at census 2011. This is the highest sex ratio recorded since census 1971 and a shade lower than 1961.

l As per provisional population totals of census 2011, literates constituted 74 per cent of the total population aged seven and above and illiterates form 26 per cent. Literacy rate has gone up from 64.83 per cent in 2001 to 74.04 per cent showing an increase of 9.21 percentage prints. It is encouraging to note that out of total of 217,700,941 literates added during the decade, female, 110,069,001 outnumber male 107,631,940. [courtesy www.censusindia.gov.in]

POPULATION

India’s population as on 1 March 2001 stood at 1,028 million (532.1 million males and 496.4 million females). India accounts for a meagre 2.4 per cent of the world surface area of 135.79 million sq km. Yet, it supports and sustains a whopping 16.7 per cent of the world population.

The population of India, which at the turn of the twentieth century was around 238.4 million, increased to reach 1,028 million at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The population of India as recorded at each decennial census from 1901 has grown steadily except for a decrease during 1911-21. Decadal growth of population from 1901 is shown in table 1.1.

Table 1.2 gives the selected indicators of population growth in different States and Union Territories. The per cent decadal growth of population in the inter-censal period 1991-2001 varies from a low of 9.43 in Kerala to a very high 64.53 in Nagaland. Delhi with 47.02 per cent, Chandigarh with 40.28 per cent and Sikkim with 33.06 per cent registering very high growth rates. In addition to Kerala, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh registered low growth rates during 1991-2001.

POPULATION DENSITY

One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of population. It is defined as the number of persons per sq km. The population density of India in 2001 was 325 per sq km.

The density of population increased in all States and Union Territories between 1991 and 2001. Among major states, West Bengal is still the most thickly populated state with a population density of 903 in 2001. Bihar is now the second highest densely populated state pushing Kerala to the third place. Ranking of the States and Union Territories by density is shown in table 1.3.

SEX RATIO

Sex ratio, defined as the number of females per thousand males is an important social indicator to measure the extent of prevailing equality between males and females in a society at a given point of time. The sex ratio in the country had always remained unfavourable to females. It was 972 at the beginning of the 20th century and thereafter showed continuous decline until 1941. The sex ratio from 1901-2001 is given in table 1.4.

TABLE 1.1 : POPULATION 1901-2001

Average

Decadal Growth Change in decadal annual Progressive Census growth exponential growth rate years

Population growth rate over 1901

Absolute Per cent Absolute Per cent (per cent) (per cent)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1901 23,83,96,327 – – – – – –

1911 25,20,93,390 1,36,97,063 5.75 – – 0.56 5.75

1921 25,13,21,213 -7,72,177 -0.31 -1,44,69,240 -6.06 -0.03 5.42

1931 27,89,77,238 2,76,56,025 11.00 2,84,28,202 11.31 1.04 17.02

1941 31,86,60,580 3,96,83,342 14.22 1,20,27,317 3.22 1.33 33.67

19511 36,10,88,090 4,24,27,510 13.31 27,44,168 -0.91 1.25 51.47

19611 43,92,34,771 7,81,46,681 21.64 3,57,19,171 8.33 1.96 84.25

1971 54,81,59,652 10,89,24,881 24.80 3,07,78,200 3.16 2.22 129.94

19812 68,33,29,097 13,51,69,445 24.66 2,62,44,564 -0.14 2.20 186.64

19913 84,64,21,039 16,30,91,942 23.87 2,79,22,497 -0.79 2.14 255.05

20014 1,02,87,37,436 18,23,16,397 21.54 1,92,24,455 -2.33 1.95 331.52

Notes :

1. In working out ‘Decadal Growth’ and ‘Percentage Decadal Growth’ for India 1941-51 and 1951-61 the population of Tuensang district for 1951 (7,025) and the population of Tuensang (83,501) and Mon (5,774) districts for 1961 Census of Nagaland state have not been taken into account as the areas went in for census for the first time in 1951 and the same are not comparable.

2. The 1981 Census could not be held owing to disturbances in Assam. Hence the population figures for 1981 of Assam have been worked out by ‘interpolation’.

3. The 1991 Census could not be held owing to disturbances in Jammu and Kashmir. Hence the population figures for 1991 of Jammu and Kashmir have been worked out by ‘interpolation’.

4. The population figures of 2001 includes estimated figures for those of the three sub-divisions, viz., Mao Maram, Paomata and Pural of Senapati district of Manipur as census result of 2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to technical and administrative reasons. Land and the People 9

TABLE 1.2 : TOTAL POPULATION AND POPULATION GROWTH DURING 1991-2001,

INDIA/STATE/UNION TERRITORY Sl. No. India State/Union territory Total Population Population growth

1991 2001 1991-2001

Person Males Females Person Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

India** 846,421,039 439,358,440 407,062,599 1,028,737,436 532,223,090 496,514,346 21.54

1. Jammu and Kashmir* 7,837,051 4,142,082 3,694,969 10,143,700 5,360,926 4,782,774 29.43

2. Himachal Pradesh 5,170,877 2,617,467 2,553,410 6,077,900 3,087,940 2,989,960 17.54

3. Punjab 20,281,969 10,778,034 9,503,935 24,358,999 12,985,045 11,373,954 20.10

4. Chandigarh 642,015 358,614 283,401 900,635 506,938 393,697 40.28

5. Uttarakhand 7,050,634 3,640,895 3,409,739 8,489,349 4,325,924 4,163,425 20.41

6. Haryana 16,463,648 8,827,474 7,636,174 21,144,564 11,363,953 9,780,611 28.43

7. Delhi 9,420,644 5,155,512 4,265,132 13,850,507 7,607,234 6,243,273 47.02

8. Rajasthan 44,005,990 23,042,780 20,963,210 56,507,188 29,420,011 27,087,177 28.41

9. Uttar Pradesh 132,061,653 70,396,062 61,665,591 166,197,921 87,565,369 78,632,552 25.85

10. Bihar 64,530,554 33,838,238 30,692,316 82,998,509 43,243,795 39,754,714 28.62

11. Sikkim 406,457 216,427 190,030 540,851 288,484 252,367 33.06

12. Arunachal Pradesh 864,558 465,004 399,554 1,097,968 579,941 518,027 27.00

13. Nagaland 1,209,546 641,282 568,264 1,990,036 1,047,141 942,895 64.53

14. Manipur** 1,837,149 938,359 898,790 2,293,896 1,161,952 1,131,944 24.86

15. Mizoram 689,756 358,978 330,778 888,573 459,109 429,464 28.82

16. Tripura 2,757,205 1,417,930 1,339,275 3,199,203 1,642,225 1,556,978 16.03

17. Meghalaya 1,774,778 907,687 867,091 2,318,822 1,176,087 1,142,735 30.65

18. Assam 22,414,322 11,657,989 10,756,333 26,655,528 13,777,037 12,878,491 18.92

19. West Bengal 68,077,965 35,510,633 32,567,332 80,176,197 41,465,985 38,710,212 17.77

20. Jharkhand 21,843,911 11,363,853 10,480,058 26,945,829 13,885,037 13,060,792 23.36

21. Orissa 31,659,736 16,064,146 15,595,590 36,804,660 18,660,570 18,144,090 16.25

22. Chhattisgarh 17,614,928 8,872,620 8,742,308 20,833,803 10,474,218 10,359,585 18.27

23. Madhya Pradesh 48,566,242 25,394,673 23,171,569 60,348,023 31,443,652 28,904,371 24.26

24. Gujarat 41,309,582 21,355,209 19,954,373 50,671,017 26,385,577 24,285,440 22.66

25. Daman and Diu 101,586 51,595 49,991 158,204 92,512 65,692 55.73

26. Dadra and Nagar Haveli 138,477 70,953 67,524 220,490 121,666 98,824 59.22

27. Maharashtra 78,937,187 40,825,618 38,111,569 96,878,627 50,400,596 46,478,031 22.73

28. Andhra Pradesh 66,508,008 33,724,581 32,783,427 76,210,007 38,527,413 37,682,594 14.59

29. Karnataka 44,977,201 22,951,917 22,025,284 52,850,562 26,898,918 25,951,644 17.51

30. Goa 1,169,793 594,790 575,003 1,347,668 687,248 660,420 15.21

31. Lakshadweep 51,707 26,618 25,089 60,650 31,131 29,519 17.30

32. Kerala 29,098,518 14,288,995 14,809,523 31,841,374 15,468,614 16,372,760 9.43

33. Tamilnadu 55,858,946 28,298,975 27,559,971 62,405,679 31,400,909 31,004,770 11.72

34. Puducherry 807,785 408,081 399,704 974,345 486,961 487,384 20.62

35. Andaman and 280,661 154,369 126,292 356,152 192,972 163,180 26.90

Nicobar Islands

Note : * The 1991 census figures of Jammu & Kashmir are interpolated as no census was conducted there due to disturbances.

• • India and Manipur figures include estimated figures for those of the three sub-divisions viz., Mao Maram, Paomata and Puru of Senapati district of Manipur as census results of

2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to technical and administrative reasons.

Source : Office of the Registrar General, India

LITERACY

For the purpose of census 2001, a person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is not literate. In the censuses prior to 1991, children below five years of age were necessarily treated as illiterates.

The results of 2001 census reveal that there has been an increase in literacy in the country. The literacy rate in the country is 64.84 per cent, 75.26 for males and 53.67 for females. The steady improvement in literacy is apparent from the table 1.5. Kerala retained its position by being on top with a 90.86 per cent literacy rate, closely followed by Mizoram (88.80 per cent) and Lakshadweep (86.66 per cent). Bihar with a literacy rate of 47.00 per cent ranks last in the country preceded by Jharkhand (53.56 per cent) and Jammu and Kashmir (55.52 per cent). Kerala also occupies the top spot in the country both in male literacy with 94.24 per cent and female literacy with 87.72 per cent. On the contrary, Bihar has recorded the lowest literacy rates both in case of males (59.68 per cent) and females (33.12 per cent). Table 1.6 shows the literacy rate among persons, male and female in States and UTs, and their ranking.

TABLE 1.3 : STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES BY DENSITY

Rank State/ Density Rank in 2001 Union territories 2001 1991 in 1991

1 2 3 4 5

INDIA 325 267 -

1. Delhi* 9,340 6,352 1

2. Chandigarh* 7,900 5,632 2

3. Puducherry* 2,034 1,683 3

4. Lakshadweep* 1,895 1,616 4

5. Daman and Diu* 1,413 907 5

6. West Bengal 903 767 6

7. Bihar 881 685 8

8. Kerala 819 749 7

9. Uttar Pradesh 690 548 9

10. Punjab 484 403 11

11. Tamilnadu 480 429 10

12. Haryana 478 372 12

13. Dadra and Nagar Haveli* 449 282 15

14. Goa 364 316 13

15. Assam1 340 286 14

16. Jharkhand 338 274 16

17. Maharashtra 315 257 18

18. Tripura 305 263 17

19. Andhra Pradesh 277 242 19

20. Karnataka 276 235 20

21. Gujarat 258 211 21

22. Orissa 236 203 22

23. Madhya Pradesh 196 158 23

24. Rajasthan 165 129 26

25. Uttranchal 159 132 24

26. Chhattisgarh 154 130 25

27. Nagaland 120 73 31

28. Himachal Pradesh 109 93 27

29. Manipur2 103 82 28

30. Meghalaya 103 79 29

31. Jammu and Kashmir1,3 100 77 30

32. Sikkim 76 57 32

33. Andaman and Nicobar Islands* 43 34 33

34 . Mizoram 42 33 34

35. Arunachal Pradesh 13 10 35

Notes :

1. Includes interpolate population of Jammu & Kashmir for 1991 and estimated population of Assam for 1981.

2. Includes estimated population of Paomata, Mao Maram and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur for 2001.

3. For working out density of India, the entire area and population of those portions of Jammu & Kashmir which are under illegal occupation of Pakistan and China have not been taken into account.

TABLE 1.4 : SEX RATIO : 1901-2001

Census Year Sex Ratio

(females per 1,000 males)

1901 972

1911 964

1921 955

1931 950

1941 945

1951 946

1961 941

1971 930

1981 934

1991 927

2001 933

Notes :

1. For 1981, interpolated figures for Assam have been used.

2. For 1991, interpolated figures based on final population of 2001 census for Jammu and Kashmir have been used.

3. India figures for 2001 census exclude those of the three sub-divisions, viz., Mao Maram, Paomata and Purul of Senapati district of Manipur as population Census results of 2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to technical and administrative reasons.

TABLE 1.5 : LITERACY RATE : 1951-2001

Census Year Persons Males Females

1951 18.33 27.16 8.86

1961 28.3 40.40 15.35

1971 34.45 45.96 21.97

1981 43.57 56.38 29.76

1991 52.21 64.13 39.29

2001 64.84 75.26 53.67

Notes :

1. Literacy rates for 1951, 1961 and 1971 Censuses relates to population aged five years and above. The rates for the 1981, 1991 and 2001 Censuses relate to the population aged seven years and above.

2. The 1981 Literacy rates exclude Assam where the 1981 Census could not be conducted.

3. The 1991 Literacy rates exclude Jammu and Kashmir where the 1991 Census could not be conducted due to disturbed conditions.

TABLE 1.6 : RANKING OF STATES/UTs BY LITERACY RATE AMONG PERSONS, MALES AND FEMALES, 2001 CENSUS

Persons Males Females

Rank State/ Literacy State/ Literacy State/ Literacy

Union Territories Rate Union Territories Rate Union Territories Rate

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Kerala 90.86 Kerala 94.24 Kerala 87.72

2. Mizoram 88.80 Lakshadweep 92.53 Mizoram 86.75

3. Lakshadweep 86.66 Mizoram 90.72 Lakshadweep 80.47

4. Goa 82.01 Puducherry 88.62 Chandigarh 76.47

5. Chandigarh 81.94 Goa 88.42 Goa 75.37

6. Delhi 81.67 Delhi 87.33 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 75.24

7. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 81.30 Daman and Diu 86.76 Delhi 74.71

8. Puducherry 81.24 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 86.33 Puducherry 73.90

9. Daman and Diu 78.18 Chandigarh 86.14 Himachal Pradesh 67.42

10. Maharashtra 76.88 Maharashtra 85.97 Maharashtra 67.03

11. Himachal Pradesh 76.48 Himachal Pradesh 85.35 Daman and Diu 65.61

12. Tamilnadu 73.45 Uttarakhand 83.28 Tripura 64.91

13. Tripura 73.19 Tamilnadu 82.42 Tamilnadu 64.33

14. Uttarakhand 71.62 Tripura 81.02 Punjab 63.36

15. Manipur1 70.53 Manipur1 80.33 Nagaland 61.46

16. Punjab 69.65 Gujarat 79.66 Manipur1 60.53

17. Gujarat 69.14 Haryana 78.49 Sikkim 60.40

18. Sikkim 68.81 Chhattisgarh 77.38 Uttarakhand 59.63

19. West Bengal 68.64 West Bengal 77.02 West Bengal 59.61

20. Haryana 67.91 Karnataka 76.10 Meghalaya 59.61

21. Karnataka 66.64 Madhya Pradesh 76.06 Gujarat 57.80

22. Nagaland 66.59 Sikkim 76.04 Karnataka 56.87

23. Chhattisgarh 64.66 Rajasthan 75.70 Haryana 55.73

24. Madhya Pradesh 63.74 Orissa 75.35 Assam 54.61

25. Assam 63.25 Punjab 75.23 Chhattisgarh 51.85

26. Orissa 63.08 Assam 71.28 Orissa 50.51

27. Meghalaya 62.56 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 71.18 Andhra Pradesh 50.43

28. Andhra Pradesh 60.47 Nagaland 71.16 Madhya Pradesh 50.29

29. Rajasthan 60.41 Andhra Pradesh 70.32 Rajasthan 43.85

30. Dadra and Nagar Haveli 57.63 Uttar Pradesh 68.82 Arunachal Pradesh 43.53

31. Uttar Pradesh 56.27 Jharkhand 67.30 Jammu and Kashmir 43.00

32. Jammu and Kashmir 55.52 Jammu and Kashmir 66.60 Uttar Pradesh 42.22

33. Arunachal Pradesh 54.34 Meghalaya 65.43 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 40.23

34. Jharkhand 53.56 Arunachal Pradesh 63.83 Jharkhand 38.87

35. Bihar 47.00 Bihar 59.68 Bihar 33.12

Notes :

1 Manipur figures exclude those of the three sub-divisions, viz., Mao Maram, Paomata and Purul of Senapati district of Manipur as census results of 2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to technical and administrative reasons. Literacy rates relate to the population aged seven years and above.

TABLE 1.7 : TOTAL POPULATION AND PERCENTAGE OF SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES : 2001 CENSUS

Sl. India/State/ Total Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe

No. Union Territory Population Population Percentage Population Percentage

(‘000) (‘000) of total (‘000) of total population population

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

INDIA1 1,028,610 166,636 16.20 84,326 8.20

1. Jammu and Kashmir 10,144 770 7.59 1,106 10.90

2. Himachal Pradesh 6,078 1,502 24.72 245 4.02

3. Punjab 24,359 7,029 28.85 0 0.00

4. Chandigarh 901 158 17.50 0 0.00

5. Uttarakhand 8,489 1,517 17.87 256 3.02

6. Haryana 21,145 4,091 19.35 0 0.00

7. Delhi 13,851 2,343 16.92 0 0.00

8. Rajasthan 56,507 9,694 17.16 7,098 12.56

9. Uttar Pradesh 166,198 35,148 21.15 108 0.06

10. Bihar 82,999 13,049 15.72 758 0.91

11. Sikkim 541 27 5.02 111 20.60

12. Arunachal Pradesh 1,098 6 0.56 705 64.22

13. Nagaland 1,990 0 0.00 1,774 89.15

14. Manipur1 2,167 60 2.77 741 34.20

15. Mizoram 889 0 0.03 839 94.46

16. Tripura 3,199 556 17.37 993 31.05

17. Meghalaya 2,319 11 0.48 1,993 85.94

18. Assam 26,656 1,826 6.85 3,309 12.41

19. West Bengal 80,176 18,453 23.02 4,407 5.50

20. Jharkhand 26,946 3,189 11.84 7,087 26.30

21. Orissa 36,805 6,082 16.53 8,145 22.13

22. Chhattisgarh 20,834 2,419 11.61 6,617 31.76

23. Madhya Pradesh 60,348 9,155 15.17 12,233 20.27

24. Gujarat 50,671 3,593 7.09 7,481 14.76

25. Daman and Diu 158 5 3.06 14 8.85

26. Dadra and Nagar Haveli 220 4 1.86 137 62.24

27. Maharashtra 96,879 9,882 10.20 8,577 8.85

28. Andhra Pradesh 76,210 12,339 16.19 5,024 6.59

29. Karnataka 52,851 8,564 16.20 3,464 6.55

30. Goa 1,348 24 1.77 1 0.04

31. Lakshadweep 61 0 0.00 57 94.51

32. Kerala 31,841 3,124 9.81 364 1.14

33. Tamilnadu 62,406 11,858 19.00 651 1.04

34. Puducherry 974 158 16.19 0 0.00

35. Andaman & Nicobar Islands 356 0 0.00 29 8.27

Note :

1. India and Manipur figures exclude those of the three sub-divisions, viz., Mao Maram, Paomata and Purul of Senapati district of Manipur as census results of 2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to technical and administrative reasons.

TABLE 1.8 : RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION

Census Year Population (Million) Percentage of

total population

Rural Urban Rural Urban

1 2 3 4 5

1901 213 26 89.2 10.8

1911 226 26 89.7 10.3

1921 223 28 88.8 11.2

1931 246 33 88.0 12.0

1941 275 44 86.1 13.9

1951 299 62 82.7 17.3

1961 360 79 82.0 18.0

1971 439 109 80.1 19.9

1981 524 159 76.7 23.3

1991 629 218 74.3 25.7

2001 743 286 72.2 27.8

Note :

1. India and Manipur figures are final and include estimated figures for those of the three subdivisions, viz., Mao Maram, Paomata and Purul of Senapati district of Manipur as census results of 2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to technical and administrative reasons.

2. The 1991 Census could not be held owing to disturbed conditions prevailing in Jammu and Kashmir. Hence the population figures for 1991 of Jammu and Kashmir have been worked out by 'interpolation' on the basis of 2001 final population.

3. The 1981 census could not be held in Assam. The figures for 1981 for Assam have been worked out by interpolation.

TABLE 1.9 : POPULATION BY CLASS OF TOWN, INDIA-2001 CENSUS

(in 000's)

Class of Town 2001

I 1,00,000 and above 178,224

II 50,000-99,999 34,452

III 20,000-49,999 42,119

IV 10,000-19,999 22,614

V 5,000-9,999 7,890

VI Less than 5,000 821

All Classes 286,120

Urban population as percentage to total population 27.82

TABLE 1.10 : DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES ACCORDING TO POPULATION 2001 CENSUS AND TOTAL NUMBER OF INHABITED VILLAGES

Sl. States/UTs 10000 5,000 2,000- 1,000- 500-999 200-499 Less than Total No.

No. and above 9,999 4,999 1,999 200 of inhabited

villages.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Jammu and Kashmir@ 10 135 886 1,546 1,664 1,499 677 6,417

2. Himachal Pradesh 1 8 174 660 2,094 5,645 8,913 17,495

3. Punjab 26 273 1,987 3,405 3,378 2,130 1,079 12,278

4. Chandigarh 2 6 7 2 2 1 3 23

5. Uttarakhand 13 69 350 752 1,890 4,912 7,775 15,761

6. Haryana 97 504 2,015 2,091 1,205 582 270 6,764

7. Delhi 24 26 60 29 9 4 6 158

8. Rajasthan 100 661 4,660 8,777 11,058 9,151 5,346 39,753

9. Uttar Pradesh 296 2,266 16,573 27,218 25,614 16,879 9,096 97,942

10. Bihar 630 2,306 8,571 10,113 8,498 5,662 3,235 39,015

11. Sikkim 0 9 40 120 157 82 42 450

12. Arunachal Pradesh 0 3 26 126 266 682 2,760 3,863

13. Nagaland 5 50 171 253 372 323 104 1,278

14. Manipur* 6 28 157 202 326 731 749 2,199

15. Mizoram 1 1 31 76 198 258 142 707

16. Tripura 28 106 370 188 99 55 12 858

17. Meghalaya 0 4 60 185 690 2,090 2,753 5,782

18. Assam 19 185 2,495 5,439 6,233 6,018 4,735 25,124

19. West Bengal 354 1,526 6,819 8,490 8,930 7,553 4,273 37,945

20. Jharkhand 28 174 1,642 4,173 7,442 9,234 6,661 29,354

21. Orissa 5 180 2,404 6,814 11,428 14,054 12,644 47,529

22. Chhattisgarh 6 80 1,264 4,185 6,465 5,498 2,246 19,744

23. Madhya Pradesh 19 362 3,551 10,434 16,277 14,330 7,144 52,117

24. Gujarat 153 807 4,154 5,615 4,262 2,297 778 18,066

25. Daman and Diu 2 5 5 4 5 2 0 23

26. Dadra and Nagar Haveli 0 7 28 15 12 7 1 70

27. Maharashtra 262 1,018 5,862 11,570 12,074 7,367 2,942 41,095

28. Andhra Pradesh 498 1,788 6,915 6,475 4,467 3,402 3,068 26,613

29. Karnataka 131 703 4,024 6,378 7,367 5,563 3,315 27,481

30. Goa 3 23 96 77 56 60 32 347

31. Lakshadweep 1 2 3 0 0 1 1 8

32. Kerala 1,072 207 69 10 0 4 2 1,364

33. Tamilnadu 168 1,254 4,870 4,484 2,801 1,344 479 15,400

34. Puducherry 2 20 45 18 7 0 0 92

35. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 0 2 23 52 62 90 272 501

ALL INDIA 3,962 14,798 80,407 129,976 145,408 127,510 91,555 593,616

Note :

@ India and Jammu & Kashmir State excludes the villages of the areas under unlawful occupation of Pakistan and China where Census could not be taken.

• India and Manipur excludes villages for those of the three sub-divisions viz. Mao Maram, Paomata and Purul of Senapati district of Manipur

as census results of 2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to technical and administrative reasons.

Source : Office of the Registrar General India.

TABLE 1.11 : POPULATION OF MILLION PLUS CITIES/TOWNS

Population 0-6 Population Literates

Sl.No. City/Town Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1. Greater Mumbai (M Corp.) 11,978,450 6,619,966 5,358,484 1,364,423 709,777 654,646 9,207,877 5,388,552 3,819,325

2. DMC (U) (M Corp.) 9,879,172 5,412,497 4,466,675 1,352,656 724,171 628,485 7,075,280 4,110,213 2,965,067

3. Kolkata (M Corp.) 4,572,876 2,500,040 2,072,836 390,282 202,527 187,755 3,382,103 1,925,008 1,457,095

4. Chennai (M Corp.) 4,343,645 2,219,539 2,124,106 433,340 219,720 213,620 3,336,695 1,799,981 1,536,714

5. Bengaluru (M Corp.) 4,301,326 2,242,835 2,058,491 484,982 249,652 235,330 3,265,702 1,787,677 1,478,025

6. Hyderabad (M Corp.) 3,637,483 1,883,064 1,754,419 463,150 238,386 224,764 2,498,234 1,374,955 1,123,279

7. Ahmedabad (M Corp.) 3,520,085 1,867,249 1,652,836 441,022 240,797 200,225 2,552,731 1,447,380 1,105,351

8. Kanpur (M Corp.) 2,551,337 1,374,121 1,177,216 317,756 171,263 146,493 1,758,807 997,001 761,806

9. Pune (M Corp.) 2,538,473 1,321,338 1,217,135 302,960 158,672 144,288 1,930,063 1,064,508 865,555

10. Surat (M Corp.) 2,433,835 1,372,415 1,061,420 340,582 186,746 153,836 1,736,939 1,043,703 693,236

11. Lucknow (M Corp.) 2,185,927 1,156,151 1,029,776 273,401 143,232 130,169 1,474,733 827,793 646,940

12. Nagpur (M Corp.) 2,052,066 1,059,765 992,301 249,827 129,283 120,544 1,609,126 873,739 735,387

13. Jaipur (M Corp.) 2,322,575 1,237,765 1,084,810 352,661 187,351 165,310 1,537,850 908,969 628,881

14. Indore (M Corp.) 1,474,968 774,540 700,428 200,081 105,478 94,603 1,064,912 598,339 466,573

15. Bhopal (M Corp.) 1,437,354 757,408 679,946 208,587 108,172 100,415 979,770 555,051 424,719

16. Ludhiana (M Corp.) 1,398,467 793,142 605,325 169,273 93,050 76,223 981,383 573,886 407,497

17. Patna (M Corp.) 1,366,444 746,344 620,100 182,037 96,034 86,003 961,681 564,625 397,056

18. Vadodara (M Corp.) 1,306,227 684,013 622,214 148,034 80,610 67,424 1,014,014 557,051 456,963

19. Agra (M Corp.) 1,275,134 690,599 584,535 179,411 96,850 82,561 766,860 452,770 314,090

20. Thane (M Corp.) 1,262,551 675,147 587,404 161,698 84,334 77,364 973,195 551,086 422,109

21. Kalyan-Dombivli (M Corp.) 1,193,512 633,508 560,004 144,097 75,256 68,841 944,745 525,907 418,838

22. Varanasi (M Corp.) 1,091,918 582,096 509,822 161,172 84,256 76,916 670,367 392,103 278,264

23. Nasik (M Corp.) 1,077,236 575,737 501,499 147,919 78,579 69,340 802,695 458,005 344,690

24. Meerut (M Corp.) 1,068,772 568,081 500,691 163,570 87,893 75,677 610,636 355,282 255,354

25. Faridabad (M Corp.) 1,055,938 581,069 474,869 158,603 85,805 72,798 714,578 430,274 284,304

26. Pimpri Chinchwad (M Corp.) 1,012,472 547,050 465,422 143,034 75,688 67,346 745,317 431,785 313,532

27. Howrah (M Corp.) 1,007,532 547,068 460,464 94,330 48,678 45,652 768,655 438,450 330,205

TABLE 1.12 : STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES BY POPULATION IN DESCENDING ORDER AND RANK IN 1991 AND 2001 CENSUS

Per cent to total

Rank State/ Population Population of India Rank

in 2001 Union territories 2001 2001 1991 in 1991

1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Uttar Pradesh 166,197,921 16.16 15.59 1

2. Maharashtra 96,878,627 9.42 9.33 2

3. Bihar 82,998,509 8.07 7.62 5

4. West Bengal 80,176,197 7.79 8.04 3

5. Andhra Pradesh 76,210,007 7.41 7.86 4

6. Tamilnadu 62,405,679 6.07 6.60 6

7. Madhya Pradesh 60,348,023 5.87 5.74 7

8. Rajasthan 56,507,188 5.49 5.20 9

9. Karnataka 52,850,562 5.14 5.31 8

10. Gujarat 50,671,017 4.93 4.88 10

11. Orissa 36,804,660 3.58 3.74 11

12. Kerala 31,841,374 3.10 3.44 12

13. Jharkhand 26,945,829 2.62 2.58 14

14. Assam 26,655,528 2.59 2.65 13

15. Punjab 24,358,999 2.37 2.40 15

16. Haryana 21,144,564 2.06 1.95 17

17. Chhattisgarh 20,833,803 2.03 2.08 16

18. Delhi 13,850,507 1.35 1.11 18

19. Jammu and Kashmir2 10,143,700 0.99 0.93 19

20. Uttarakhand 8,489,349 0.83 0.84 20

21. Himachal Pradesh 6,077,900 0.59 0.61 21

22. Tripura 3,199,203 0.31 0.33 22

23. Meghalaya 2,318,822 0.23 0.21 24

24. Manipur1 2,293,896 0.22 0.22 23

25. Nagaland 1,990,036 0.19 0.14 25

26. Goa 1,347,668 0.13 0.14 26

27. Arunachal Pradesh 1,097,968 0.11 0.10 27

28. Puducherry 974,345 0.09 0.10 28

29. Chandigarh 900,635 0.09 0.08 29

30. Mizoram 888,573 0.09 0.08 30

31. Sikkim 540,851 0.05 0.05 31

32. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 356,152 0.03 0.03 32

33. Dadra and Nagar Haveli 220,490 0.02 0.02 33

34. Daman and Diu 158,204 0.02 0.01 34

35. Lakshadweep 60,650 0.01 0.01 35

Notes :

1. India and Manipur figures include estimated figures for those of the three sub-divisions viz., Mao Maram, Paomata and Purul of Senepati district of Manipur as census results of 2001 in these three sub-divisions were cancelled due to technical and administrative reasons.

2. The 1991 Census could not be held owing to disturbed conditions prevailing in Jammu and Kashmir. Hence the population figures for 1991 of Jammu and Kashmir have been worked out by 'interpolation'.