1965 war
See also
Most of the entries listed below are still evolving. They are still about individual battles, not the war as a whole.
However, the entries about the navies of the two countries have been taken from their own official histories and at least their authors consider them complete--and, more or less, they are. The entry about the Indian Navy, in particular, is book-length.
1965 War: Indian accounts-The Indian Air Force
1965 War: journalists’ and writers’ accounts-1
1965 War: Pakistani accounts-1
1965 War: Pakistani accounts-2
1965 War: The air forces of India and Pakistan
1965 War: The role of the Indian Navy Book-length
1965 War: The role of the Pakistan Navy
1965 War: The role of third-countries I.e. China
1965 War: Third-country accounts The New York Times and TIME
There is a lot of repetition and padding in the pages listed above.
Once Indpaedia.com is formally launched (in late 2013 or 2014) we will request readers to make these pages crisper, editing out repetition and opinions; and also contribute fresh materials.
The impact of the 1965 war on Indo-Pak sports
The Times of India, Aug 31 2015
1965: The year India, Pakistan began sparring in sports
Ronojoy Sen
The war dramatically changed cordial sporting links. Thereafter, aftershocks of every skirmish were felt in stadiums on both sides Before 1965, India and Paki stan had squared off on the playing field on several oc casions. Despite the bitter ness of the Partition, most of the encounters in cricket, hockey and football were held in a cordial atmosphere though there were intimations of the high stakes involved.It was in 1952 that India had the opportunity to play Pakistan for the first time on the cricket field. Abdul Hafeez Kardar, who had represented the undivided Indian side in the 1946 tour of England, led the Pakistan team. An Oxford Blue in cricket, Kardar had, according to Ramachandra Guha, a “deep commitment to the idea of Pakistan“ and would later become a prominent politician. The first Test match between the two neighbours was played in Delhi and inaugurated by President Rajendra Prasad. The series was played in good spirit though Hindu groups tried to disrupt the matches. In Nagpur, where Pakistan played a match, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha, N B Khare, announced that his party would stage protests outside the stadium. In a preemptive move Khare was arrested prompting the Pakistani paper, Dawn, to proclaim that the Hindu leader had been “bowled out.“ The stands were packed for all the matches, early indica tions of the passions generated by India-Pakistan contests.
Three years later, India went to Pakistan for a five-Test tour. A dull draw in the first Test at Dhaka was a sign of the safety-first cricket that was to follow resulting in all Test matches ending in a draw. Wis den described the cricket as “two boxers tentatively sparring for an opening.“
But the lack of excitement on the field was compensated by the enthusiasm off it. For the third Test match in Lahore, 10,000 Indians crossed the border at Wagah every day and returned by evening. Dawn called it the “biggest mass migration across the frontier since the Partition.“ However, there were reports of a heated exchange between Kardar and India's captain, Vinoo Mankad, at a banquet, which at the time was not reported.
In the 1950s, both India and Pakistan were not considered among the top teams in cricket. In hockey, however, the situation was quite different with India having won the Olympic gold medal every time since the 1928 Games.Though the Indian and Pakistani national sides had not played each other after Independence, the Punjab Police team had toured Pakistan to play their counterparts, the west Punjab Police, in 1955. In Lahore, banners were put up welcoming the “friends from neighbouring India“ and according to official estimates, some 60,000 Indians were expected to cross the border to wit ness the matches. India and Pakistan's national teams first played against each other on the hockey field in the final of , the 1956 Olympic Games with India wint ning by a solitary goal.
India and Pakistan renewed their t cricketing rivalry in 1961-62. The crick et was as dull as the previous series with all five Tests as well as 15 first-class matches ending in a draw, a dubious record of sorts. According to Wisden, “the chief aim of the contestants ap peared to be to uphold national prestige by avoiding defeat.“ The bonhomie of the two earlier series had evaporated to some extent with Indian batsman Abbas Ali Baig receiving threat letters that accused him of deliberately playing poorly .
In football, too, there was contact between India and Pakistan. India won the Asian Quadrangular Tournament -involving India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma -four times in succession from 1952 to 1955. It was in the inaugural tournament in Colombo that India first met Pakistan on the football field and played out a goalless draw. Both countries had equal points at the end of the tournament and were declared joint winners.Pakistani sides playing in India were not uncommon in the 1950s with Lahore's Raiders Football Club winning a sensational match against Mohun Bagan in the 1952 Rovers Cup. The talent scouts of the Calcutta football clubs, then the best in India, even looked to Pakistan for players. At the first Quadrangular, Pakistani forward Masood Fakhri caught the attention of the Calcutta clubs. The next year, East Bengal recruited him. Fakhri, however, played for only two seasons for East Bengal before moving to Mohammedan Sporting in 1955.
The free movement of Pakistani players to India was a reminder of the friendly ties between the two neighbours in the 1950s. Things changed dramatically after the 1965 war. Bilateral sporting contact stopped between the two countries though they continued to play each other in international competitions like the Asian Games and Olympics. Commentator A F S Talyarkhan wrote in 1968 that “test cricket may help cement ties between India and Pakistan.“ The next year, Pakistan's delegate to the International Hockey Federation, A I S Dara, who had also played for India in the 1936 Olympics, said a hockey Test series between India and Pakistan could be played provided “the political climate in India allowed it.“ Eventually , the first sporting contact on the Indian subcontinent after the 1965 war was not in cricket or hockey , but in tennis.Pakistan travelled to an unlikely venue, Patna, to play a Davis Cup tie in 1970. India, represented by Jaidip Mukherjea, Premjit Lall and Vijay Amritraj, won easily . However, in 1971, when the two countries fought another war, Pakistan gave a walkover to India in the Davis Cup by refusing to play on “political grounds.“ The same year, India played Pakistan in the inaugural hockey World Cup in Spain and lost in the semi-final. The tournament was, however, marred by an Indian protest over a map engraved on the cup showing Kashmir as part of Pakistan.
While India continued to play Pakistan in international tournaments, the first bilateral contests on the subcontinent in both cricket and hockey were held only in 1978 bringing a semblance of normalcy back to a frayed relationship.
