Khatri
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Russell's 1916 account
This article was written in 1916 when conditions were different. Even in Readers will be able to edit existing articles and post new articles directly |
From The Tribes And Castes Of The Central Provinces Of India
By R. V. Russell
Of The Indian Civil Service
Superintendent Of Ethnography, Central Provinces
Assisted By Rai Bahadur Hira Lal, Extra Assistant Commissioner
Macmillan And Co., Limited, London, 1916.
NOTE 1: The 'Central Provinces' have since been renamed Madhya Pradesh.
NOTE 2: While reading please keep in mind that all articles in this series have been scanned from the original book. Therefore, footnotes have got inserted into the main text of the article, interrupting the flow. Readers who spot these footnotes gone astray might like to shift them to their correct place.
A mercantile caste
A prominent mercantile caste of the Punjab, whose members to the number of about 5000 have settled in the Central Provinces and Berar, being distributed over most Districts. The Khatris claim to be derived from the Rajput caste, and say that their name is a corruption of Kshatriya. At the census of 1901 Sir Herbert Risley approved of their demand on the evidence laid before him by the leading representatives of the caste. This view is assented to by Mr. Crooke and Mr. Nesfield. In Gujarat also the caste are known as Brahma-Kshatris, and their Rajput origin is considered probable, while their appearance bears out the claim to be derived either from the Aryans or some later immigrants from Central Asia : " They are a handsome fair-skinned class, some of them with blue or grey eyes, in make and appearance like Vanias (Banias), only larger and more vigorous." 1 Mr. Crooke states that, " their women have a reputation for their beauty and fair complexion. The proverb runs, ' A Khatri woman would be fair without fine clothes or ornaments,' and, ' Only an albino is fairer than a Khatri woman.'
Their legend of origin...
...is as follows
" When Parasurama the Brahman was slay- ing the Kshatriyas in revenge for the theft of the sacred cow Kamdhenu and for the murder of his father, a pregnant . Kshatriya woman took refuge in the hut of a Saraswat Brahman. When Parasurama came up he asked the Brahman who the woman was, and he said she was his daughter. Parasurama then told him to eat with her in order to prove it, and the Brahman ate out of the same leaf-plate as the woman.
The child to whom she subsequently gave birth was the ancestor of the Khatris, and in memory of this Saraswat Brahmans will eat with Khatris to the present day." The Saraswat Brahman priests of the Khatris do as a matter of fact take katcha food or that cooked with water from them, and smoke from their huqqas, and this is another strong argument in favour of their origin either from Brahmans or Rajputs.
The classical account of the Khatris is that given in Sir George Campbell's Ethnology of India, and it may be repro- duced here as in other descriptions of the caste : " Trade is their main occupation ; but in fact they have 2. sir broader and more distinguishing features. Besides monopolising the trade of the Punjab and the greater part of account Afghanistan, and doing a good deal beyond those limits, Khatris< they are in the Punjab the chief civil administrators, and have almost all literate work in their hands.
So far as the Sikhs have a priesthood, they are, moreover, the priests or gurus of the Sikhs. Both Nanak and Govind were, and the Sodis and Bedis of the present day are, Khatris. Thus then they are in fact in the Punjab, so far as a more energetic race will permit them, all that Mahratta Brahmins are in the Mahratta country, besides engrossing the trade which the Mahratta Brahmins have not. (1 Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat, pp. 55> 5^- 2 Tribes and Castes, art. Khatri) They are not usually military in their character, but are quite capable of using the sword when necessary. Diwan Sawan Mai, Governor of Multan, and his notorious successor Mulraj, and very many of Ranjit Singh's chief functionaries were Khatris. " Even under Mahomedan rulers in the west they have risen to high administrative posts.
There is a record of a Khatri Diwan of Badakshan or Kurdaz ; and, I believe, of a Khatri Governor of Peshawar under the Afghans. The Emperor Akbar's famous minister, Todarmal, was a Khatri ; and a relative of that man of undoubted energy, the great commissariat contractor of Agra, Joti Pershad, lately informed me that he also is a Khatri. Altogether, there can be no doubt that these Khatris are one of the most acute, energetic and remarkable races in India, though in fact, except locally in the Punjab, they are not much known to Europeans. The Khatris are staunch Hindus, and it is somewhat singular that, while giving a religion and priests to the Sikhs, they themselves are comparatively seldom Sikhs.
The Khatris are a very fine, fair, handsome race, and, as may be gathered from what I have already said, they are very generally educated. " There is a large subordinate class of Khatris, somewhat lower, but of equal mercantile energy, called Rors or Roras.
The proper Khatris of higher grade will often deny all connection with them, or at least only admit that they have some sort of bastard kindred with Khatris, but I think there can be no doubt that they are ethnologically the same, and they are certainly mixed up with Khatris in their avocations. I shall treat the whole kindred as generically Khatris. " Speaking of the Khatris then thus broadly, they have, as I have said, the whole trade of the Punjab and of most of Afghanistan. No village can get on without the Khatri who keeps the accounts, does the banking business, and buys and sells the grain. They seem, too, to get on with the people better than most traders and usurers of this kind. In Afghanistan, among a rough and alien people, the Khatris are as a rule confined to the position of humble dealers, shopkeepers and moneylenders ; but in that capacity the Pathans seem to look on them as a kind of valuable animal, and a Pathan will steal another man's Khatri, not only for the sake of ransom, as is frequently done on the frontier of Peshawar and Hazara, but also as he might steal a milch- cow, or as Jews might, I dare say, be carried off in the Middle Ages with a view to render them profitable."
I do not know the exact limits of Khatri occupation to the West, but certainly in all Eastern Afghanistan they seem to be just as much a part of the established community as they are in the Punjab. They find their way far into Central Asia, but the further they get the more depressed and humiliating is their position. In Turkistan, Vambery speaks of them with great contempt, as yellow-faced Hindus of a cowardly and sneaking character. Under Turcoman rule they could hardly be otherwise.
Higher and lower groups
They are the only Hindus known in Central Asia. In the Punjab they are so numerous that they cannot all be rich and mercantile ; and many of them hold land, cultivate, take service, and follow various avocations." The Khatris have a very complicated system of sub- divisions, which it is not necessary to detail here in view of their small strength in the Province. As a rule they marry only one wife, though a second may be taken for the purpose of getting offspring. But parents are very reluctant to give their daughters to a man who is already married.
The re- marriage of widows is forbidden and divorce also is not recognised, but an unfaithful wife may be turned out of the house and expelled from the caste. Though they practise monogamy, however, the Khatris place no restrictions on the keeping of concubines, and from the offspring of such women inferior branches of the caste have grown up. In Gujarat these are known as the Dasa and Pancha groups, and they may not eat or intermarry with proper Khatris. 1 [1 Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat, p. 55.] The name Khatri seems there to be restricted to these inferior groups, while the caste proper is called Brahma- Kshatri. There is also a marked distinction in their occupa- tion, for, while the Brahma-Kshatris are hereditary District officials, pleaders, bankers and Government servants, the khatris are engaged in weaving, and formerly prepared the fine cotton cloth of Surat and Broach, while they also make gold and silver thread, and the lace used for embroidery. 1 As a class they are said to be thriftless and idle, and at least the Khatris of Surat to be excessively fond of strong drink.
The Khatris of Nimar in the Central Provinces are also weavers, and it seems not unlikely that they may be a branch of these Gujarat Khatris of the inferior class, and that the well-known gold and silver lace and embroidery industry of Burhanpur may have been introduced by them from Surat. The Khatris of Narsinghpur are dyers, and may not improbably be connected with the Nimar weavers. The other Khatris scattered here and there over the Provinces may belong to the higher branch of the caste.
Brahma-Kshatris in Gujarat/ customs
4. In conclusion some extracts may be given from the nage and interesting account of the marriage and funeral customs funeral ° _ customs, of the Brahma-Kshatris in Gujarat : 2 "On the wedding- day shortly before the marriage hour the bridegroom, his face covered with flower-garlands and wearing a long tunic and a yellow silk waistcloth, escorted by the women of his family, goes to the bride's house on horseback in pro- cession. . . . Before the bridegroom's party arrive the bride, dressed in a head -cloth, bodice, a red robe, and loose yellow Muhammadan trousers, is seated in a closed palanquin or balai set in front of the house.
The bridegroom on dis- mounting walks seven times round the palanquin, the bride's brother at each turn giving him a cut with an oleander twig, and the women of the family throwing showers of cake from the windows. He retires, and while mounting his horse, and before he is in the saddle, the bride's father comes out, and, giving him a present, leads him into the marriage- hall. . . . The girl keeps her eyes closed throughout the whole day, not opening them until the bridegroom is ushered into the marriage-booth, so that the first object she sees is her intended husband. On the first Monday, Thursday or Friday after the marriage the bride is hid either in her own or in a neighbour's house.{1 Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat, p. 1 89. 2 Ibidem, pp. 5S, 59.} The bridegroom comes in state, and with the point of his sword touches the outer doors of seven houses, and then begins to search for his wife. The time is one of much fun and merriment, the women of the house bantering and taunting the bridegroom, especially when he is long in finding his wife's hiding-place. When she is found the bridegroom leads the bride to the marriage- hall, and they sit there combing each other's hair." In connection with their funeral ceremonies Mr. Bhlmbhai Kirparam gives the following particulars of the custom of beating the breasts : l " Contrary to the Gujarat practice of beating only the breast, the Brahma-Kshatri women beat the forehead, breast and knees.
For thirteen days after a death women weep and beat their breasts thrice a day, at morning, noon and evening. Afterwards they weep and beat their breasts every evening till a year has passed, not even excepting Sundays, Tuesdays or Hindu holidays. During this year of mourning the female relations of the deceased used to eat nothing but millet-bread and pulse ; but this custom is gradually being given up
Khatri surnames
Source: Sikh Castes
Khatri and Arora Sikhs are also sometimes called "Kirar" or "Bhapa Sikhs". Both groups intermarry freely and are identical for all practical purposes . They used to constitute chiefly of shopkeepers, petty money-lenders, accountants, grocers, perfume sellers, grain traders, etc.
Anand, Awal, Bachewal, Badhwar, Baijal, Bagga, Bajaj, Bakshi, Batta, Bedi, Behal (Behl), Bhalla, Bhola, Bhasin, Bhandari, Bhandula, Bindra, Birghi, Chadha, Chandok, Charan, Chona, Chopra, Choudhary,Chetal, Dhall, Dhawan, Dhingra, Dhir, Dua, Duggal, Dhupar, Dumra, Gambhir, Gandhi, Gandhoke, Gadok, Gadhiok, Ghai, Gujral, Gulati, Gulla, Handa, Jerath, Jairath, Jaggi, Jalota, Jolly, Kakkar (Kacker) ,Kapoor (Kapur), Katyal, Keer, Khanna, Kehar, Khosla, Khullar, Kohli, Koshal, Lala, Lamba, Loomba, Madhok, Mahendru, Maini, Malhotra, Malik, Mangal, Mankhand, Manraj, Mehra, Mehrotra, Midha, Monga, Nair(Nayyar), Nagpal, Nakra, Nayer, Nehra, Nijhawan, Nikhanj, Oberoi, Ohri, Parwanda, Passi, Phull, Phul, Phool, Puri, Rai, Rehan, Roshan, Sabharwal, Sablok, Sadana, Saggar (Sagar), Saggi, Sahi (Shahi), Sahni(Sawhney), Sami, Sarin (Sareen), Sarna, Sehgal (Sahgal), Sekhri, Sethi, Seth, Sial (Syal), Sibal, Sikka, Singh, Sobti, Sodhi, Sondhi, Soni, Suri, Talwar, Tandan (Tandon), Tehim, Tuli, Thapar, Trehan, Uberoi, Uppal, Vadehra, Vasudeva, Ved, Verma, Vig, Vij, Vinaik (Vinayak), Vohra, Wadhawan, Wahi (Wahie), Wassan(Wasan/Wason).
