Submarines: India - Revision history

Jyoti: /* Conventional submarines */

2025-07-21T19:13:25Z

‎Conventional submarines

Jyoti: /* 2016: INS Arihant commissioned, not ready for deployment */

2024-09-27T06:00:19Z

‎2016: INS Arihant commissioned, not ready for deployment

Jyoti: /* INS Vagir/ 2023 */

2023-02-05T13:28:29Z

‎INS Vagir/ 2023

Jyoti: /* 2017: 1st new diesel-electric submarine in 17 years commissioned */

2023-02-05T13:24:48Z

‎2017: 1st new diesel-electric submarine in 17 years commissioned

Jyoti: /* 2017: 1st new diesel-electric submarine in 17 years commissioned */

2023-02-05T13:24:42Z

‎2017: 1st new diesel-electric submarine in 17 years commissioned

Jyoti: /* Scorpene class Vela */

2021-12-02T08:17:49Z

‎Scorpene class Vela

Jyoti: /* India's submarine fleet */

2020-11-17T19:47:33Z

‎India's submarine fleet

Jyoti: /* INS Sindhuratna */

2020-11-17T19:47:07Z

‎INS Sindhuratna

Jyoti: /* INS Sindhuratna */

2020-11-17T19:46:39Z

‎INS Sindhuratna

Jyoti: /* INS Karanj (diesel-electric Scorpene) */

2020-11-17T19:45:18Z

‎INS Karanj (diesel-electric Scorpene)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:13, 21 July 2025
Line 175:		Line 175:

	Earlier this year, India finally kick-started this “mother of all underwater deals“ after a 10-year delay , with arms majors from France, Germany , Russia, Sweden, Spain and Japan being asked to submit initial proposals for the estimated Rs 70,000 crore ($10.9 billion) project to build the six submarines in collaboration with an Indian shipyard.		Earlier this year, India finally kick-started this “mother of all underwater deals“ after a 10-year delay , with arms majors from France, Germany , Russia, Sweden, Spain and Japan being asked to submit initial proposals for the estimated Rs 70,000 crore ($10.9 billion) project to build the six submarines in collaboration with an Indian shipyard.
		+
		+	=Diving support vessels=
		+	==2025: indigenously designed, constructed==
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=19_07_2025_028_004_cap_TOI July 19, 2025: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+
		+	New Delhi : India commissioned INS Nistar, its first indigenously designed and constructed diving support vessel, which can undertake complex deep-sea saturation diving and submarine rescue operations that only a few navies are capable of around the world.
		+
		+	The commissioning of the 118-metrelong specialised warship, with a displacement of around 10,000 tonnes and over 80% indigenous content, took place at Visakhapatnam in the presence of minister of state for defence Sanjay Seth and Navy chief Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi. INS Nistar is the first of the two such vessels being built by Hindustan Shipyard Ltd at a cost of Rs 2,393 crore.
		+
		+	Seth lauded the Navy and the shipbuilding industry for consistently enhancing the indigenous content in warships through homegrown solutions and innovative technologies. “At present, all the 57 warships in the pipeline are being constructed indigenously,” he said.
		+
		+	Admiral Tripathi, in turn, said: “INS Nistar is not just a technological asset, but a crucial operational enabler. She will provide submarine rescue support to Navy as well as our regional partners. This will enable India to emerge as a ‘preferred submarine rescue partner’ in the region”.
		+
		+	Having state-of-the-art equipment like remotely operated vehicles, self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboats and diving compression chambers, INS Nistar can undertake deep sea saturation diving up to a depth of 300 metres. The vessel will also serve as ‘mother ship’ for deep submergence rescue vessels (DSRVs), which are basically mini-submarines that dive to “mate’’ with a disabled submarine to extricate sailors trapped deep underwater. INS Nistar is also equipped with a combination of remotely operated vessels to undertake diver monitoring and salvage operations up to a depth of 1,000 metres.
		+
		+	[[Category:Defence\|SSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|SSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:Name\|ALPHABETSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]

	=Nuclear submarine=		=Nuclear submarine=

@@ Line 233: / Line 233: @@
 Fingers are now being kept crossed that there are no major hiccups during INS Arihant's sea-acceptance trials (SATs), which can take around 18 months, after the long-drawn harbour-acceptance trials (HATs) at the shipbuilding centre at Vizag. The submarine will first undertake several surface sorties before it dives for a full range of underwater sorties. The SATs will also include test-firing of its K-15 ballistic missiles (750-km range), which has so far been tested only from submersible pontoons around a dozen times.
 ==2016: INS Arihant commissioned, not ready for deployment ==
 [[File: The story of INS Arihant, 1970s-2016.jpg| The story of INS Arihant, 1970s-2016 <br/> [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=18_10_2016_001_029_010&type=P&artUrl=After-land-air-Arihant-set-to-complete-Indias-18102016001029&eid=31808 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 [[File: The making of India’s indigenous nuclear submarine.jpg| The making of India’s indigenous nuclear submarine <br/> [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=18_10_2016_001_029_010&type=P&artUrl=After-land-air-Arihant-set-to-complete-Indias-18102016001029&eid=31808 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
@@ Line 254: / Line 255: @@
 Apart from both Pakistan and China having largely ambiguous nuclear weapons policies, the growing pres ence of Chinese nuclear submarines in the Indian Ocean region has become a major source of concern for the Indian security establishment over the last couple of years.
 =INS Kalvari (diesel-electric Scorpene)=

@@ Line 351: / Line 351: @@
 In the late 1990s, around the time of the Kargil war, a three-decade plan took shape for indigenous construction of submarines which is known to have two separate series of submarine building lines – codenamed Project 75 and Project 75I — in collaboration with foreign entities. The Ministry of Defence is also known to have put in place a roadmap for indigenous design and subsequent construction of submarines which will further add numbers to the Navy’s arsenal.
 [[Category:Defence|SSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
 SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
-[[Category:India|SSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
+[[Category:India|SSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
 SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
-[[Category:Name|ALPHABETSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
+[[Category:Name|ALPHABETSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
 SUBMARINES: INDIA]]

@@ Line 424: / Line 424: @@
 SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
 [[Category:Name|ALPHABETSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
 SUBMARINES: INDIA]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:24, 5 February 2023
Line 301:		Line 301:
	India needs at least 18 diesel-electric and six nuclear attack submarines to guard against the two-front threat scenario from China and Pakistan as well as achieve credible nuclear deterrence.		India needs at least 18 diesel-electric and six nuclear attack submarines to guard against the two-front threat scenario from China and Pakistan as well as achieve credible nuclear deterrence.

		+
		+	==INS Vagir/ 2023==
		+	[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ins-vagir-commissioned-details-significance-8399083/?utm_source=newzmate&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=explained&utm_content=6386461&pnespid=HeIl909d8XkMxVKXsJXOClIauUw8yLxu81UVHPkcMJDKCXTUQhEOEb0xV3HpRboceEANszDq January 24, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']
		+
		+
		+	The Indian Navy commissioned the fifth diesel-electric Kalvari-class submarine Vagir. It is among the six submarines being built by the Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, in collaboration with the French M/s Naval Group under Project 75. Four of these submarines have already been commissioned into the Navy and a sixth will be commissioned next year.
		+
		+	“The induction of Vagir is another step towards the Indian Navy consolidating its position as a builder’s Navy, as it also reflects MDL’s capabilities as a premier ship and submarine building yard”, the government said in a press release.
		+
		+	The Indian Express takes a look at the newly commissioned Vagir and what are the capabilities of these Kalvari-class submarines and their strategic importance.
		+
		+	''' What are the specifications of Vagir? '''
		+
		+	The latest submarine gets its name from the erstwhile Vagir, a submarine which served the Navy between 1973 and 2001 and undertook numerous operational missions. The construction of the new Vagir began in 2009 and it took its maiden sea sortie in February last year. Also known as Sand Shark, the submarine was delivered to the Indian Navy in December 2022.
		+
		+	According to a government press release, Vagir represents stealth and fearlessness, as it comes with features like an advanced acoustic absorption technique.
		+
		+	“Vagir will boost the Indian Navy’s capability to further India’s maritime interests and is capable of undertaking diverse missions including anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and surveillance missions”, the government release said.
		+
		+
		+	''' Kalvari-class background '''
		+
		+	Vagir is a Kalvari-class submarine, which includes other vessels, such as the INS Kalvari, INS Khanderi, INS Karanj, INS Vela and INS Vagsheer. Of these, Kalvari and Khanderi were commissioned in 2017 and 2019, and Vela and Karanj were inducted in 2021. Vagir has now been commissioned and Vagsheer was launched in 2022 and is expected to be inducted next year.
		+
		+	The submarines in the current Kalvari-class take their names from erstwhile decommissioned classes of submarines named Kalvari, which included Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj and Vela classes — comprising Vela, Vagir, Vagshir. The now-decommissioned Kalvari and Vela classes were one of the earliest submarines in the post-independence Indian Navy, which belonged to Soviet origin Foxtrot class of vessels.
		+	In maritime parlance, a class of ships is a group of vessels which have the same make, purpose and displacement. In the Navy and Coast Guard in India, the ships belonging to a particular class are named in a specific manner. Many times the names have the same first letters, prefixes, and similar meanings or the names belong to a particular type of word, for example, names of cities, persons, mythological concepts, animals, rivers, mountains, weapons, etc. The class is generally named after the first vessel in the category. In some cases, a particular class of vessels take their names from an earlier class of vessels which are now decommissioned.
		+
		+	Like Kalvari – which means Tiger Shark, Vagir has been named after a Sand Fish, a predatory marine species. Khanderi has been named after an Island Fort built by Chhatrapati Shiva ji, which played a key role in his Navy. Karanj has also been named after an Island located South of Mumbai.
		+
		+
		+	''' Capabilities and technical details of INS Vagir '''
		+
		+	The design of the Kalvari-class of submarines is based on the Scorpene class of submarines designed and developed by French defence major Naval Group formerly DCNS and the Spanish state-owned entity Navantia. This class of submarines have Diesel Electric transmission systems and these are primarily attack submarines or ‘hunter-killer’ types which means they are designed to target and sink adversary naval vessels.
		+
		+	The Kalavari class of submarines have an estimated endurance of approximately 50 days. They also have the capability of operating in a wide range of Naval combat including anti-warship and anti-submarine operations, intelligence gathering and surveillance and naval mine laying. These submarines are around 220 feet long and have a height of 40 feet. It can reach the highest speeds of 11 knots (20 km/h) when surfaced and 20 knots (37 km/h) when submerged.
		+
		+	The modern variants of the Scorpene class of submarines have what is called Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) which enables non-nuclear submarines to operate for a long time without access to surface oxygen. It also needs to be noted that the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has an ongoing programme to build a fuel cell-based AIP system for Indian Naval Submarines.
		+
		+	The Kalvari class of submarines are capable of launching various types of torpedoes and missiles and are equipped with a range of surveillance and intelligence-gathering mechanisms.
		+
		+	''' Strategic importance '''
		+
		+	India currently operates one submarine in the nuclear-powered class of Chakra and two other nuclear-powered vessels in Arihant in addition to submarines belonging to three classes of Diesel Electric category — Kalvari, Shishumar and Sindhughosh, some of which are ageing.
		+
		+	The nuclear-powered and diesel-electric submarines have their designated roles in the Carrier Battle Groups, which are formations of ships and submarines with Aircraft Carriers in the lead role. As per the basic principles of submarine deployment and minimum requirement for India to create a strategic deterrence, there is a specific number of submarines of both types that India needs to have in active service.
		+
		+	Currently, India has less number of submarines than what is required with some more of those from both types being at various stages of construction. Currently, India has a less-than-ideal number of submarines, with many new ones being at various stages of construction.
		+
		+	In the late 1990s, around the time of the Kargil war, a three-decade plan took shape for indigenous construction of submarines which is known to have two separate series of submarine building lines – codenamed Project 75 and Project 75I — in collaboration with foreign entities. The Ministry of Defence is also known to have put in place a roadmap for indigenous design and subsequent construction of submarines which will further add numbers to the Navy’s arsenal.
		+
		+	[[Category:Defence\|SSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|SSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:Name\|ALPHABETSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]

	=INS Karanj (diesel-electric Scorpene)=		=INS Karanj (diesel-electric Scorpene)=

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:47, 17 November 2020
Line 130:		Line 130:

	[[File:subma.png\|India’s Submarine strength: 2017.jpg\|India’s Submarine strength: 2017<br/>From [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=24_07_2017_007_019_014&type=P&artUrl=India-kick-starts-mother-of-all-underwater-def-24072017007019&eid=31808 '' The Times of India ''] \|frame\|500px]]		[[File:subma.png\|India’s Submarine strength: 2017.jpg\|India’s Submarine strength: 2017<br/>From [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=24_07_2017_007_019_014&type=P&artUrl=India-kick-starts-mother-of-all-underwater-def-24072017007019&eid=31808 '' The Times of India ''] \|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	=INS Sindhuratna=
		+	==2015, general court martial (GCM) for captain of INS Sindhuratna ==
		+	[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sindhuratna-captain-to-face-court-martial-31012015011033 ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	Jan 31 2015
		+
		+	''' Sindhuratna captain to face court martial '''
		+
		+	Rajat Pandit
		+	[[File: ins.jpg\|Major warship accidents:January 2011 onwards\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	The captain of INS Sindhuratna will now face a general court martial (GCM) for the mishap on board his Kilo-class submarine, which killed two officers, injured several sailors and proved to be the final trigger for Admiral D K Joshi to resign as Navy chief in February, 2014.
		+
		+	While Commander Sandeep Sinha will undergo disciplinary action in the GCM, six other officers have been awarded “severe displeasure“ -a black-mark in their records preventing any promotion, foreign posting, course and the like for them for two years.
		+
		+	The Commodore Commanding Submarines of Western Naval Command, S R Kapoor, and two of his officers are among the six to face the administrative action.They were on board INS Sindhuratna for “Task-II trials“ to clear the 26-year-old submarine for operational deployment -after a refit for Rs 200 crore at Mumbai naval dockyard -when disaster struck on February 26. The probe showed a cable fire over the battery pit in the submarine's third compartment led to the thick toxic smoke on board the vessel, as was first reported by TOI.
		+
		+	Around 40 officers are in the dock -most of them facing GCMs -for the string of warship mishaps in just the last couple of years. Defence minister Manohar Parrikar also wants accountability to be firmly fixed for submarine INS Sindhurakshak's sinking at the Mumbai dockyard after internal explosions in August 2013, which killed three officers and 15 sailors. But the Navy is yet to finalize the inquiry report into this mishap.
		+
		+	The INS Sindhuratna case bring outs how several factors are increasingly coming together to create a crisis in the blue-water force, tasked with guarding India's huge strategic interests in the region stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Malacca Strait. Politico-bureaucratic apathy in clearing new projects and emergency purchases, for instance, is making the Navy flog ageing warships well beyond their operational lives. Submarines, for instance, have a design life of only 25 years.
		+
		+	[[Category:Defence\|SSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|SSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:Name\|ALPHABETSUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIASUBMARINES: INDIA
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]

	=Conventional submarines=		=Conventional submarines=

@@ Line 337: / Line 337: @@
 =INS Sindhuratna=
 [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sindhuratna-captain-to-face-court-martial-31012015011033 ''The Times of India'']
@@ Line 355: / Line 356: @@
 The INS Sindhuratna case bring outs how several factors are increasingly coming together to create a crisis in the blue-water force, tasked with guarding India's huge strategic interests in the region stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Malacca Strait. Politico-bureaucratic apathy in clearing new projects and emergency purchases, for instance, is making the Navy flog ageing warships well beyond their operational lives. Submarines, for instance, have a design life of only 25 years.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:45, 17 November 2020
Line 303:		Line 303:

	INS Kalvari, manned by a team of eight officers and 35 sailors, carries sea-skimming SM39 Exocet missiles and the heavyweight wire-guided Surface and Underwater Target (SUT) torpedoes. For self-defence, it has mobile anti-torpedo decoys.		INS Kalvari, manned by a team of eight officers and 35 sailors, carries sea-skimming SM39 Exocet missiles and the heavyweight wire-guided Surface and Underwater Target (SUT) torpedoes. For self-defence, it has mobile anti-torpedo decoys.
		+
		+	= Scorpene class ''Vela''=
		+	==2019: Scorpene class Vela launched==
		+	[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ins-vela-to-be-launched-for-trials-key-points/articleshow/69195022.cms May 6, 2019: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	Scorpene class submarine Vela launched: Key points
		+
		+	* The INS Vela is the fourth of the six submarines of Scorpene class that has completed its out fittings at the Mazagon Dock.
		+
		+	* The submarine has been named 'Vela' after an earlier submarine, which was the lead submarine, of the erstwhile Vela class, the second batch of the Foxtrot class submarines acquired from USSR.
		+	* The fifth Scorpene class submarine will also be launched soon. MDL recently reported an annual turnover of Rs 4,500 crore.
		+
		+	* The out fittings were completed under a 2005 contract signed with France's DCNS — now rebranded as the Naval Group — as part of Indian Navy's Project-75.
		+
		+	* The first submarine was scheduled to be delivered by 2012, but the project witnessed repeated delays.
		+
		+	* Of the six submarines, INS Kalvari was commissioned in December last year while INS Khanderi and INS Karanj are in advanced stages to join the Navy fleet
		+
		+	* The remaining two — INS Vagir and INS Vagsheer are in the "advanced stages of manufacturing" at the Mazagon Dock.
		+
		+	* The development assumes significance as Chinese ships increase their presence in the Indian Ocean. It said China's submarine force will grow between 65 and 70 by 2020.
		+
		+	* There is also the larger threat on water, including guided-missile cruisers, guided-missile destroyers, and guided-missile frigates, aircraft carriers, amphibious warships and more.
		+
		+	* Britain's Daily Mirror reported that talks are underway for India to buy detailed plans for the 65,000-tonne HMS Queen Elizabeth aircraft carrier and build an indigenous version based on it called INS Vishal in 2022.
		+
		+	[[Category:Defence\|S
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|S
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]
		+	[[Category:Name\|ALPHABET
		+	SUBMARINES: INDIA]]

	=INS Sindhuratna=		=INS Sindhuratna=