Rohilkhand - Revision history

Jyoti at 00:40, 24 March 2017

2017-03-24T00:40:29Z

Pdewan at 09:27, 13 February 2017

2017-02-13T09:27:40Z

Pdewan at 08:43, 12 January 2016

2016-01-12T08:43:45Z

Pdewan: Created page with " {| class="wikitable" |- |colspan="0"|
This article has been extracted from
THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908.
OXFORD, AT THE CLA..."

2014-06-14T18:41:59Z

Created page with " {| class="wikitable" |- |colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%"> This article has been extracted from <br/> THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908.<br/> OXFORD, AT THE CLA..."

New page

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
This article has been extracted from <br/>

THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908.<br/>

OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.
</div>
|}
[[Category:India|R]]
[[Category:Places|R]]
''Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. ''

=Rohilkhand=
The name is often applied to the present BAREILLY
DIVISION of the United Provinces , but it also denotes a definite
historical tract nearly corresponding with that Division phis the RAM-
PUR STATE and the tarai of Nairn Tal District. It is derived
from a Pashtu adjective rohelah or rohelai, formed from rohu ( c moun-
tain'). Rohilkhand as thus defined contains an area of 12,800 square
miles, forming a large triangle bounded on the north by the Himalayas,
on the south-west by the Ganges, and on the east by the Province of
Oudh. In the north lies a strip of the Tarai below the hills, with large
stretches of forest land, the haunt of tigers and wild elephants, and
only small patches of cultivation belonging to the Tharus and Boksas,
jungle tribes, apparently of Mongolian origin, who seem fever-proof.

Passing south the land becomes drier, and the moisture drains into the
numerous small streams rising in the Tarai and joining the Ramganga
or the Ganges, which ultimately receive most of the drainage In the
northern portions of Bijnor and Bareilly Districts, canals drawn from
the Tarai streams inigate a small area. The climate is healthy
near the Tarai, and has a smaller range of temperature than the tract
south of the Ganges. The rainfall is heavy near the hills, but gradually
decreases southwards. The usual crops of the plains are grown
throughout the tract, but sugar-cane and rice are of special importance.
Wheat, gram, cotton, and the two millets (jowar and bajrd) are also
largely produced.

In early times pait of the tract was included in Northern PANCHALA.
During the Muhammadan period the eastern half was long known
as Katehr. The origin and meaning of this term is disputed. It is
certainly connected with the name of the Katehriya Rajputs, who were
the predominant clan in it ; but their name is sometimes said to be
derived from that of the tract, which is identified with the name of
a kind of soil called kather or katehr, while traditions in Budaun
District derive it from Kathiawar, which is said to be the original home
of the clan Elsewhere the tribal traditions point to the coming of the
Katehnyas into this tract, from Benares or Tirhut, in the twelfth and
fourteenth centuries.

The portion they first occupied seems to have
been the country between the Ramganga and the Ganges, but they
afterwards spread east of the former river, When the power of Islam
was extending westwards, Rathor princes ruled at Budaun , but the
town was taken by Kutb-ud-din Aibak in 1196, and afterwards held
continuously by the Muhammadans. The province was, however,
always turbulent, and two risings are described in the middle of the
thirteenth century In 1379 or 1380 Khargu, a Hindu chief of Katehr,
murdered Saiyid Muhammad, the governor, at a feast ; and Firoz III
Tughlak, foiled in his attempt to seize Khargu, who fled to Kumaun,
appointed an Afghan governoi at Sambhal with orders 'to invade the
country of Katehr every year, to commit eveiy kind of ravage and
devastation, and not to allow it to be inhabited until the murderer was
given up. 7 Thirty-five years later, when the Saiyid dynasty was being
founded, another Hindu, Har Singh Deo, rebelled, and though several
times defeated gave trouble for two or three years. Mahabat Khan,
the governor, successfully revolted in 1419 or 1420 from the rule of
Delhi ; and the king, Khizr Khan, failed to take Budaun, which
remained independent for four years, till after the accession of
Mubarak Shah, who showed greater force and received Mahabat
Khan's submission.

In 1448 Alam Shah Saiyid left Delhi and made
Budaun his capital, careless of the fact that he was thus losing the
throne of Delhi, which was seized by Bahlol Lodl. Until his death
thirty years later, Alam Shah remained at Budaun, content with this
small province. During the long struggle between the Jaunpur and
the Delhi kings, the former held parts of Katehr for a time In the
first half of the sixteenth century few events in this tract have been
recorded; but the last revolt of the Katehnyas is said to have taken
place in 1555-6. In the reign of Akbar the sarkdr of Budaun formed
part of the Subah of Delhi. The importance of Budaun decreased,
and Bareilly became the capital undei Shah Jahan, while Aurangzeb
included the district of Sambhal (Western Rohilkhand) in the territory
ruled over by the governor of Katehr. At this time Afghans had been
making many settlements in Northern India , but they were generally
soldiers of fortune, rather than politicians or men of influence. Under
Shah Jahan they were discouraged ; but they were found useful in the
Deccan campaigns of Aurangzeb, and early m the eighteenth century
the Bangash Pathan, Muhammad Khan, obtained grants in FARRUKH-
ABAD, while All Muhammad Khan, whose origin is obscure, began to
seize land north of the Ganges. The former held the southern part
of the present Districts of Budaun and Shahjahanpur ; but the princi-
pality he carved out for himself lay chiefly south of the Ganges. All
Muhammad gave valuable help to the governors of Moradabad and
Bareilly against the Raja of Kumaun, and also assisted the emperor in
his intrigues against the Saiyids of Barha, for which he was rewarded
with the title of Nawab When Nadir Shah invaded India, All
Muhammad gamed many recruits among the refugees from Delhi, and
took advantage of the weakness of the central government to annex all
the territory he could seize. The governors of Moradabad and Bareilly
were sent against him, but both were slam, and in 1740 he was
recognized as governor of Rohilkhand. His next exploits were against
Kumaun , but by this time Safdar Jang, Nawab of Oudh, had begun
to look on him as a dangerous rival, and persuaded the emperor that
the Rohiilas should be driven out. In 1745 All Muhammad was
defeated and imprisoned at Delhi, but afterwards he was appointed to
a command in the Punjab. On the invasion by Ahmad Shah Durrani
in 1748, he was able to return to Rohilkhand, and by judiciously sup-
porting the claims of Safdar Jang to be recognized as Wazir, obtained
a fresh grant of the province On the death of All Muhammad,
Rahmat Khan, who had been one of his principal lieutenants, was
appointed regent for his sons. Safdar Jang renewed his attempts to
take Rohilkhand, and persuaded Kaim Khan, son of Muhammad
Khan Bangash, of Farrukhabad, to invade it. The attack was un-
successful, and Kami Khan lost his life Safdar Jang at once annexed
the Farrukhabad territories. But Kaim Khan's brother, Ahmad Khan,
regained them, and attempted to win the active sympathy of the
Rohiilas, which was at first refused and then given too late ; for Safdar
Jang called in the Marathas, with whose help he defeated the Rohilla
and Bangash forces, and Rahmat Khan was driven to the foot of the
Himalayas. In 1752 he yielded and gave bonds for 50 lakhs, which were made over to the Marathas in payment of their services. When
Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India a second time, he brought back
All Muhammad's sons, Abdullah and Faiz-ullah, who had been in
Kandahar since the previous invasion; but Rahmat Khan skilfully
arranged a partition of Rohilkhand, so that the brothers fought among
themselves, and eventually Rahmat Khan and his friends became
masteib of most of the province. About this time (1754) another
Pathan, named Najib Khan, was rising in power.

At first he acquired
territory in the Doab, but in 1755 he founded Najlbabad in Bijnoi,
and thus held the northern part of Rohilkhand independently of the
other Rohillas. After the third Durrani invasion in 1757, he became
BakhshI or paymaster of the royal troops, and the following year an
attempt was made, through the jealousy of other nobles, to crush him
by calling in the Marathas. Rahmat Khan and Shuja-ud-daula, the
new Nawab of Oudh, were alarmed for their own safety, and hastened
to help him, and the Marathas were driven out of Rohilkhand. When
Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India a fourth time, the Rohillas joined
him and took part in the battle of Pampat (1761), and Rahmat Khan
was rewarded by a grant of Etawah, which had, however, to be con-
quered from the Marathas. In 1764 and again in 1765 the Rohillas
gave some assistance to Shuja-ud-daula in his vam contests with the
English at Patna and at Jajmau; but they did not suffer for this at
first. In fact the next five years were prosperous, and Rahmat Khan
was able to undeitake one of the most necessary reforms of a ruler in
this part of India the abolition of internal duties on merchandise.
In 1770 the end began. Etawah and the other territory m the Central
Doab were annexed by the Marathas. Najib Khan and Dunde Khan,
who had been Rahmat Khan's right hand, both died. In 1771 the
Marathas attacked Zabita Khan, son of Najib Khan, and drove him
from his fort at Shukartar on the Ganges, and the next year harried
Rohilkhand. In June, 1772, a treaty was arranged between the
Rohillas and Shuja-ud-daula, in which the latter promised help against
the Marathas, while the former undertook to pay 40 lakhs of rupees for
this assistance. The treaty was signed in the presence of a British
general The danger to Oudh, and also to the British, from the
Marathas was now clear. Zabita Khan openly joined them in July,
1772, and at the end of the year they extorted a grant of the provinces
of Kora and Allahabad from Shah Alam. In 1773 the y demanded
from Rahmat Khan the payment of the 50 lakhs promised twenty years
befofe, and again entered Rohilkhand British tioops were now sent
up, as it had become known that Rahmat Khan was intriguing with
the Marathas, who openly aimed at Oudh. These intrigues continued
even when the allied British and Oudh troops had arrived in Rohil-
khand, and the Nawab of Oudh then made overtures for British help
in adding the province to his teriitones Finally, Rahmat Khan
agreed to carry out the treaty obligations which he had formerly con-
tracted with Oudh, and the Marathas were driven across the Ganges
at Ramghat This danger being removed, Rahmat Khan failed to pay
the subsidy due fiom him to the Nawab of Oudh. Latei in the same
year, Warren Hastings came to Benares to discuss affairs with the
Nawab, who strongly pressed for British help to ciush the Rohillas.
While the Council at Calcutta hesitated, the Nawab made secret
alliances with Zabita Khan and Muzaffar Jang of Farrukhabad, and
persuaded the emperor to approve by promising to share any territory
annexed.

He then cleared the Marathas out of the Doab, and in 17 74
obtained British troops to assist him against the Rohillas. The latter
were met between Miranpur Katra in Shahjahanpur and Fatehganj
East (in Bareilly District) in April, 1774, and were defeated after
a gallant resistance, Rahmat Khan being among the slain. This
expedition formed the subject of one of the chaiges against Warren
Hastings, which was directed to show that his object was merely to
obtain money from the Nawab Wazlr in return foi help m acquiring
new territory. Contemporary documents prove clearly the necessity
for improving the western boundary of Oudh as a defence against the
Marathas, and the danger arising from this countiy being held by men
whose treachery had been manifested again and again. Faiz-ullah
Khan, the last remaining chief of the Rohillas, received what now
forms the RAMPUR STATE, and Zabita Khan lost his possessions east
of the Ganges. In 1794 an insurrection broke out at Rampur, after
the death of Faiz-ullah Khan. British troops were sent to quell it, and
gained a victory at Fatehganj West Seven years later, in 1801, Rohil-
khand formed part of the Ceded Provinces made over to the British
by the Nawab of Oudh.

The total population of Rohilkhand is nearly 6-2 millions. The
density approaches 500 persons per square mile, and in Bareilly Dis-
trict exceeds 600. More than i| millions are Muhammadans, forming
28 per cent, of the total a proportion double that found in the
Provinces as a whole. Among Hindu castes may be mentioned the
Jats, who are not found east of Rohilkhand in considerable numbers ;
the Ahars, who are akin to the Ahlrs of other parts ; and the Khagis
and Kisans, excellent cultivators resembling the Lodhas of the Doab.
The Bishnol sect has a larger number of adherents than elsewhere.

[Elliot, History of India, passim , Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla
War (1892) ]

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:40, 24 March 2017
Line 239:		Line 239:

	According to Khan, the boys were facing problems the due to varied reasons, including hormonal imbalance, adulterated food, physical disability, watching porn for a prolonged period, addiction and depression.		According to Khan, the boys were facing problems the due to varied reasons, including hormonal imbalance, adulterated food, physical disability, watching porn for a prolonged period, addiction and depression.
		+
		+	= Well-off, yet poor on health, education/ 2017=
		+	[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=BATTLEGROUND-UTTAR-PRADESH-UTTAR-PRADESH-PHASE-2-Well-13022017010012 The Times of India], Feb 13 2017
		+
		+
		+	From bamboo flute capital Pilibhit and the brass capital Moradabad to an erstwhile capital of the medieval Delhi Sultanate, Badaun and UP's only national park, the Dudhwa in Lakhimpur Kheri, this region has the state's highest concentration of minorities at 36%. In five districts Muslim population is over 40%. This includes Rampur with over 50% Muslim residents.
		+
		+	There is a Sikh diaspora as well numbering some 50,000 in the terai districts, who settled in the swamps and started farming after DDT eradicated malaria in the 1960s.
		+
		+	Kheri also has the only enclave of Tharu tribals in the Dudhwa forest ranges.
		+
		+	Although farming is the major occupation, Saharanpur with its paper, tobacco and woodwork factories, Kheri with its sugar mills and Bareilly with its agro-based units provide an industrial spine to the area.
		+
		+	The land is criss-crossed by numerous rivers that feed the Ganga flowing through some of this belt's districts. With ample water resources, and a strong canal system, almost all the cultivated land is irrigated. As a result, power consumption is 230 kwh, lower than the State average of 300 kwh. Wheat, rice, sugarcane and vegetables are grown extensively , as are mangoes.
		+
		+	Within the region, there is notable differences among the districts -some are richer, others poorer. Once famous for its `Rampuri kinves', Rampur district's per capita income is almost 50% less than that of Bareilly , the front runner.
		+
		+	Moradabad's export dependent brass industry is now in doldrums due to a listless global market and has dragged it down nearly to the level of Lakhimpur Kheri a largely agricultural district with only sugarcane and sugar manufacture as its main source of income.
		+
		+	Incidentally Kheri is the largest assembly constituency in UP. Saharanpur, another industrial city is much more prosperous and second only to Bareilly. The area once had a relatively advanced edu cational system because of the colleges in Bareil ly and to an extent Rampur, famous for its Raza Library. But over the years, districts like Shahjahanpur, Pilibhit, Kheri, Budaun have got left behind. The region as a whole has just 6 colleges per lakh population, compared to the neighbouring west UP region that has 16.
		+
		+	Health of the people in the region is starkly threatened as shown by some key indicators. Kheri, Shahja hanpur, Bareilly, Saharanpur and Budaun districts have infant mortality rates of about 80 deaths per 1000 live births, compared to the state average of 68, and under-5 mortality rates of over 100 compared to UP's 90. Budaun and Shaahanpur figure in the country's top 20 districts in terms of average number of children born. This along with the low women's literacy rates shows the patriarchal stranglehold.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
- {| class="wikitable"
+[[Category:India|R]]
 |-
 |colspan="0"|<div style="font-size:100%">
@@ Line 9: / Line 15: @@
 </div>
 |}
-[[Category:India|R]]
-[[Category:Places|R]]
-[[Category:Health|R]]
 ''Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. ''
 The name is often applied to the present BAREILLY
 DIVISION of the United Provinces , but it also denotes a definite

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [[Category:India|R]]
 [[Category:Places|R]]
 ''Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units, and many tahsils upgraded to districts. Some units have since been renamed. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value. ''
@@ Line 212: / Line 213: @@
 [Elliot, History of India, passim , Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla
 War (1892) ]

Rohilkhand - Revision history

Jyoti at 00:40, 24 March 2017

Pdewan at 09:27, 13 February 2017

Pdewan at 08:43, 12 January 2016

Pdewan: Created page with " {| class="wikitable" |- |colspan="0"| This article has been extracted from THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908. OXFORD, AT THE CLA..."

Pdewan: Created page with " {| class="wikitable" |- |colspan="0"|
This article has been extracted from
THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908.
OXFORD, AT THE CLA..."