Medical education and research: India - Revision history

Jyoti: /* Selection (by means other than merit) */

2026-07-08T20:42:28Z

‎Selection (by means other than merit)

Jyoti: /* Foreign education in medicine */

2026-07-08T20:40:36Z

‎Foreign education in medicine

Jyoti: /* Fees */

2026-07-08T19:25:47Z

‎Fees

Jyoti: /* Research */

2025-04-26T09:57:53Z

‎Research

Jyoti: /* Physically handicapped quota */

2025-04-11T18:50:52Z

‎Physically handicapped quota

Jyoti: /* Medical colleges */

2024-12-31T18:15:30Z

‎Medical colleges

Jyoti: /* 2018-19: government vis-à-vis private colleges */

2024-02-13T17:57:05Z

‎2018-19: government vis-à-vis private colleges

Jyoti: /* Vis-à-vis government colleges,PG: 2020- 22 */

2023-12-01T20:08:49Z

‎Vis-à-vis government colleges,PG: 2020- 22

Jyoti: /* Private medical colleges */

2023-12-01T20:08:05Z

‎Private medical colleges

Pdewan: /* 2023 */

2023-11-29T12:50:38Z

‎2023

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:42, 8 July 2026
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	“With increasing variation in the quality of medical education and the unearthing of seat selling scams, we might need an exam for all medical graduates to test and certify their level of knowledge before they are to allowed to practice — something similar to the exam that foreign medical graduates have to clear to be allowed to practice here. Such a proposal had been made before,” said Dr Bipin Batra, executive director of the National Board of Examinations, which conducts the National Eligibility cum-Entrance Test for postgraduate medical education and the examination for FMGs. On grounds of bridging the shortage of doctors, the Medical Council of India has been approving the creation of more medical colleges and expanding the number of seats.		“With increasing variation in the quality of medical education and the unearthing of seat selling scams, we might need an exam for all medical graduates to test and certify their level of knowledge before they are to allowed to practice — something similar to the exam that foreign medical graduates have to clear to be allowed to practice here. Such a proposal had been made before,” said Dr Bipin Batra, executive director of the National Board of Examinations, which conducts the National Eligibility cum-Entrance Test for postgraduate medical education and the examination for FMGs. On grounds of bridging the shortage of doctors, the Medical Council of India has been approving the creation of more medical colleges and expanding the number of seats.
		+
		+	=Service Bonds=
		+	==Bonds cancelled if appointment orders not issued within stipulated period==
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=22_06_2026_020_005_cap_TOI Partha.Behera, June 22, 2026: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+
		+	Raipur : The Chhattisgarh high court has ruled that MBBS service bonds stand automatically cancelled if the state govt fails to issue appointment orders within the period prescribed under the Chhattisgarh Medical, Dental and Physiotherapy Undergraduate Admission Rules, 2025.
		+
		+	The petitioners had challenged the state govt’s refusal to issue no-objection certificates (NOCs) after the state govt failed to issue appointment orders within the six-month period stipulated under section 10(6) of the 2025 Rules.  They argued that the statutory provisions clearly provide for automatic cancellation of the service bond if appointment orders are not issued within the prescribed timeline.
		+
		+	Justice Amitendra Kishore Prasad delivered the judgment on June 18 on a petition filed by MBBS graduates Niteen Kumar Singh, Sahil Kari, Chandra Prakash Ravi and Sakshi Kanwar, who had completed their MBBS course from the Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, and successfully finished their compulsory rotating internship in 2025.
		+
		+	The state govt opposed the petition, contending that the petitioners were bound by the service bonds executed at the time of admission and were liable to serve in govt healthcare institutions. It was further argued that the petitioners had participated in the counselling process and appointment orders had subsequently been issued.
		+
		+	After hearing all parties, the high court held that section 10(6) of the 2025 Rules is clear and unambiguous. HC observed that the provision requires the state to issue appointment orders within six months of completion of the MBBS course and internship, failing which the bond “shall be deemed to be automatically cancelled”.
		+
		+	Consequently, the court held that the counselling process and appointment orders issued on Dec 24, 2025, were unenforceable.
		+
		+	Rejecting the state’s argument on counselling, Chhattisgarh high court held that taking part in a delayed counselling process could not defeat a statutory right that had already accrued to the petitioners.
		+
		+	The court further held that the petitioners could not be compelled either to join the postings offered by the state or to deposit the bond amount of Rs 25 lakh in the case of unreserved candidates and Rs 20 lakh in the case of reserved candidates. The insistence on recovery of the bond amount was found to be contrary to the statutory framework.
		+
		+	Allowing the writ petition, the high court directed the state authorities to issue NOCs to the petitioners without insisting upon payment of any bond amount or penalty. The high court also directed Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University to confer MBBS degrees upon the petitioners, if not already conferred, in accordance with law.

	[[Category:Bangladesh\|MMEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: INDIAMEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: INDIA		[[Category:Bangladesh\|MMEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: INDIAMEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: INDIA

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:40, 8 July 2026
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	“There are poor quality medical colleges abroad too. Indian students often do not do enough research or are lured by unethical consultants and end up in such places. These students repeatedly fail to clear the screening test and finally change streams to take up courses like masters in hospital administration. A licensing exam would ensure that such students do not get a licence to practice. But the exam ought to be the same for all, Indian and foreign graduates,” said a senior doctor who often travels to various universities abroad to teach Indian students.		“There are poor quality medical colleges abroad too. Indian students often do not do enough research or are lured by unethical consultants and end up in such places. These students repeatedly fail to clear the screening test and finally change streams to take up courses like masters in hospital administration. A licensing exam would ensure that such students do not get a licence to practice. But the exam ought to be the same for all, Indian and foreign graduates,” said a senior doctor who often travels to various universities abroad to teach Indian students.
		+
		+	=Hospitals with medical colleges vs those without=
		+	==2021-25==
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=22_06_2026_020_003_cap_TOI Rema.Nagarajan, June 22, 2026: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	[[File: Average number of publications per year from the top 10 medical institutions in different countries, 2025.jpg\|Average number of publications per year from the top 10 medical institutions in different countries, 2025 <br/> From: [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=22_06_2026_020_003_cap_TOI Rema.Nagarajan, June 22, 2026: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	Private hospitals in India have negligible research output though they deal with 60% of patients. A study of research at Indian hospitals during the 5-year period from January 2021 to December 2025 also found that nearly all hospitals without medical colleges produced fewer than 10 publications annually.
		+
		+	The study published in the latest issue of the Journal of Medical Evidence of the BMJ (British Medical Journal) group looked at the number of publications included in Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar.
		+
		+	In the period studied, the average number of publications by the top 50 private hospitals in India without medical colleges attached was 242. In the same period, the average number of publications by the top 50 Indian hospitals with medical colleges was 1,530.
		+
		+	The latter list was topped by AIIMS, Delhi (6,932) and CMC, Vellore (5,333).
		+
		+	In comparison, the average research output of the top 10 medical colleges in China was over 16,000 with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Peking University Health Science Centre topping the list; in the US, the average was almost 14,500, with Harvard and Johns Hopkins topping the list, and in the UK it was 13,500 with University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division and University College, London Medical School topping the list.
		+
		+	Mayo Clinic in the US produces 8,000 papers annually, which is more than the entire Indian private sector. Indian healthcare is now dominated by private hospitals many of which are controlled by large corporate houses whose main purpose is making a profit for its shareholders, so education and research is not a priority, observed the study.
		+
		+	“This study confirms that in spite of their dealing with most of the population, doctors in private hospitals in India do little research. There is a neglect of the enormous data that can be accessed from Indian patients going to the majority of Indian hospitals. This may be due to lack of incentive, absence of electronic hardware or priorities which are mainly commercial,” stated the study.
		+
		+	According to the study, there were 49,000 Indian medical institutions of which 800 were attached to medical colleges. Although India is fourth in the world in the quantity of research publications after the US, China and UK, its quality, as assessed by the number of citations it receives, drops it down to ninth. This means that the papers are not referred to and do not make a major impact on the world stage, stated the study conducted by Dr Samiran Nundy and Dr Parmanand Tiwari from Delhi’s Sir Ganga Ram Hospital.
		+
		+	Research and publication are among the major hallmarks of good medical institutions and there is evidence that those which produce high quality research also provide better patient care. “The quality and quantity of research output is also a major factor in ranking medical institutions all over the world including the well-known US News and World Report as well as the National Institute Ranking Framework of India,” pointed out the study.

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 '''Capitation fees gone; private colleges’ fees zoom up/ 2016'''
 [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Capitation-fees-out-pvt-medical-colleges-hike-tuition-26092016001100   Capitation fees out, pvt medical colleges hike tuition charges, Sep 26 2016 : ''The Times of India'' TEAM TOI-HEALTH]
 [[File: Tuition fees in Indian medical colleges, 2016.jpg| Tuition fees in Indian medical colleges, 2016: the difference between private and government medical colleges.<br/> [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Capitation-fees-out-pvt-medical-colleges-hike-tuition-26092016001100 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
 [[File: Tuition fees in Indian medical colleges, 2016 2.jpg| Tuition fees in Indian medical colleges, 2016: statewise medical education  fees under different categories  <br/> [http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Capitation-fees-out-pvt-medical-colleges-hike-tuition-26092016001100 ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
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 Several deemed colleges in Tamil Nadu charge an annual fee of over Rs 25 lakh. The fees at Chennai’s Sri Ramachandra Medical College stand at Rs 28.13 lakh. SRM Medica l College, again from Chennai, comes a close second in Tamil Nadu with Rs 27.2 lakh annual fees.
-While the charges mentioned above include the annual tuition fee and hostel expenses, some of these colleges also levy additional fees during admissions under various heads, including university fee, refundable deposits and caution money, running into a couple of la khs. At a few places, enrolling for hostel facilities is mandatory. In some colleges, the annual tuition fee remains constant for the whole course and at others, it increases by 2-
+While the charges mentioned above include the annual tuition fee and hostel expenses, some of these colleges also levy additional fees during admissions under various heads, including university fee, refundable deposits and caution money, running into a couple of la khs. At a few places, enrolling for hostel facilities is mandatory. In some colleges, the annual tuition fee remains constant for the whole course and at others, it increases by 2-3% every year, taking inflation into account. On the contrary, a medical degree in a government college in Maharashtra costs Rs 1.3 lakh p er annum for students. In private colleges, where the fees ar e regulated by the Fee Regulating Authority, they vary from Rs 7 lakh to Rs 16 lakh p er annum, excluding accommodation and other charges such a s deposits.In several states, even government college fees do not exceed Rs 50,000. In February last year, the National Medical Commissionissued agazette suggesting the fees of 50% seats in private and deemed colleges be brought at par with those charged by government colleges in the respective states. The gazette is still to be implemented.
 % every year, taking inflation into account. On the contrary, a medical degree in a government college in Maharashtra costs Rs 1.3 lakh p er annum for students. In private colleges, where the fees ar e regulated by the Fee Regulating Authority, they vary from Rs 7 lakh to Rs 16 lakh p er annum, excluding accommodation and other charges such a s deposits.In several states, even government college fees do not exceed Rs 50,000. In February last year, the National Medical Commissionissued agazette suggesting the fees of 50% seats in private and deemed colleges be brought at par with those charged by government colleges in the respective states. The gazette is still to be implemented.
 After the fees of D Y Patil college, Navi Mumbai, and its sister campus in Pune that charges Rs 29.5 lakh fees, Bhartiya Vidyapeeth Medical College, in Pune, comes third in the state with Rs 26.84 lakh fees. At least eight other colleges in Tamil Nadu, mainly in Chennai, charge Rs 25 lakh fees and above. Fee data from college and admission portals show deemed universities in Delhi and other northern regions are comparatively cheaper, with the excep tion of Santosh Medical College in Ghaziabad where the fees, including hostel charges, come to Rs26 lakh.
 ==Wide variation in fees: 2017-18==

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:57, 26 April 2025
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	The policy of increasing the number of doctors by liberally allowing the creation of new medical institutions, mainly through private funding and enhancing seats has not been an unqualified success with what is generally perceived as a fall in standards of medical education, “which has now become a business venture for many politicians and is accompanied by widespread corruption both in its entry and exit processes“, the study said, while calling for an overhaul of the medical education system.		The policy of increasing the number of doctors by liberally allowing the creation of new medical institutions, mainly through private funding and enhancing seats has not been an unqualified success with what is generally perceived as a fall in standards of medical education, “which has now become a business venture for many politicians and is accompanied by widespread corruption both in its entry and exit processes“, the study said, while calling for an overhaul of the medical education system.
		+
		+	=Rural service=
		+	==Doctors from outside the State: SC ruling, 2025==
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=03_04_2025_012_019_cap_TOI Dhananjay Mahapatra, April 3, 2025: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+
		+	New Delhi : Supreme Court faulted Uttarakhand govt’s 2009 policy mandating non-state students admitted to MBBS courses in its medical colleges under the 15% all-India quota (AIQ) to either serve in remote areas for five years or pay Rs 30 lakh in addition to steep annual fees.
		+
		+	“What is the use of asking a student from Tamil Nadu, who gets admission into an MBBS course in a govt medical college in Uttarakhand based on his all-India rank and primarily taught medicine in English, to serve in inaccessible areas of the state?” asked a bench of Justices Surya Kant and N Kotiswar Singh. “Will he be able to interact with patients in remote villages and inaccessible areas and treat them? It is a laudable concept for interstate exchange of civil servants and other subject experts. However, a state cannot decide rural service for non-state all-India quota students, doing MBBS from the govt college within its territory. It requires a uniform policy decision, for which the Union govt is the competent authority,” the bench said.
		+
		+	As per the 2009 policy decision of the Uttarakhand govt, an AIQ student was required to sign a bond for Rs 30 lakh promising to serve in rural areas for five years on completing an MBBS course from its medical college. It also stipulated that if an AIQ student opted out of mandatory rural service in the state, then he would have to pay an annual fee of Rs 2.2 lakh instead of Rs 15,000.
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		+	[[Category:Bangladesh\|MMEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: INDIAMEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: INDIA
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	=Rules-/ eligibility- for admission to medical colleges=		=Rules-/ eligibility- for admission to medical colleges=

@@ Line 609: / Line 609: @@
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 =Physically handicapped quota=
@@ Line 628: / Line 650: @@
 Ganesh Baraiya, Muskan Shaikh and Hina Mevasiya had approached the HC after the medical board and an appellate authority rejected their case that they are suitable to pursue MBBS. Ganesh was declared 72% disabled with a 109 cm height, while Muskan’s amputated hand left her 75% disabled. Hina was declared 50% disabled due to paraplegia. Their petition cited the Right of Persons with Disabilities Act which states that all persons with a physical disability between 40% and 80% are eligible for admission in medical courses.
 =Post-Graduate Medical courses=

@@ Line 419: / Line 419: @@
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 =Medical colleges=
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  However, fees alone don’t determine choice. Assam’s govt colleges, for example, have low annual tuition fees (Rs 20,000-28,000), but the mainstream perception that they are far away, and the very high penalty of Rs 30 lakh for not doing one year of rural service after graduation, deter top-rankers.
  In fact, this is true for most govt colleges in the North-East. Yet, Haryana with the longest bond of five years, a penalty of Rs 36 lakh, and govt college fees of Rs 90,000 per year, has the third highest median rank in govt colleges. Clearly, location too is an important factor.
 [[Category:Bangladesh|MMEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: INDIAMEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: INDIA

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 '' Management-wise colleges and enrolment, 2018-19 ''
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+===Colleges preferred by meritorious students: 2023-24===
 MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: INDIA]]
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 [https://m.timesofindia.com/india/low-neet-pg-cut-offs-mainly-usher-the-rich-into-private-colleges/articleshow/105570884.cms   Rema.Nagarajan, Nov 29, 2023: ''The Times of India'']
-[[File: Admission to PG courses in government and medical colleges with marks below the first cut off: 2020- 22.jpg|Admission to PG courses in government and medical colleges with marks below the first cut off: 2020- 22 <br/> From: [https://m.timesofindia.com/india/low-neet-pg-cut-offs-mainly-usher-the-rich-into-private-colleges/articleshow/105570884.cms   Rema.Nagarajan, Nov 29, 2023: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
+[[File: Admission to PG courses in government and medical colleges with marks below the first cut off- 2020- 22.jpg|Admission to PG courses in government and medical colleges with marks below the first cut off: 2020- 22 <br/> From: [https://m.timesofindia.com/india/low-neet-pg-cut-offs-mainly-usher-the-rich-into-private-colleges/articleshow/105570884.cms   Rema.Nagarajan, Nov 29, 2023: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
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  For the 2023-24 academic session, the government reduced the cut-off to zero percentile once again in an attempt to fill vacant seats. It is more than likely that the pattern will get repeated again.
 ==Bonds cannot be imposed on students: SC==

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 =Private medical colleges=
 ==Bonds cannot be imposed on students: SC==
 [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=19_11_2022_034_004_cap_TOI Dhananjay Mahapatra, Nov 19, 2022: ''The Times of India'']
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← Older revision		Revision as of 12:50, 29 November 2023
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	After the fees of D Y Patil college, Navi Mumbai, and its sister campus in Pune that charges Rs 29.5 lakh fees, Bhartiya Vidyapeeth Medical College, in Pune, comes third in the state with Rs 26.84 lakh fees. At least eight other colleges in Tamil Nadu, mainly in Chennai, charge Rs 25 lakh fees and above. Fee data from college and admission portals show deemed universities in Delhi and other northern regions are comparatively cheaper, with the excep tion of Santosh Medical College in Ghaziabad where the fees, including hostel charges, come to Rs26 lakh.		After the fees of D Y Patil college, Navi Mumbai, and its sister campus in Pune that charges Rs 29.5 lakh fees, Bhartiya Vidyapeeth Medical College, in Pune, comes third in the state with Rs 26.84 lakh fees. At least eight other colleges in Tamil Nadu, mainly in Chennai, charge Rs 25 lakh fees and above. Fee data from college and admission portals show deemed universities in Delhi and other northern regions are comparatively cheaper, with the excep tion of Santosh Medical College in Ghaziabad where the fees, including hostel charges, come to Rs26 lakh.
		+
		+	==Wide variation in fees: 2017-18==
		+	[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/what-explains-huge-variation-in-private-medical-college-fees/articleshow/64755614.cms Rema Nagarajan, What explains huge variation in private medical college fees?, June 27, 2018: ''The Times of India'']
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		+	[[File: Average fees in private medical colleges (2017-18).jpg\| 2017-18: The range of fees charged by various private medical colleges in India <br/> From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/what-explains-huge-variation-in-private-medical-college-fees/articleshow/64755614.cms Rema Nagarajan, What explains huge variation in private medical college fees?, June 27, 2018: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	The average annual tuition fees for MBBS in private colleges varies from about Rs 5 lakh to Rs 25 lakh, with deemed universities typically charging the most. Data for the 2017 fees in about 210 private colleges given to the Medical Council of India shows only 25 averaged Rs 5 lakh or less and about half averaged under Rs 8 lakh.
		+
		+	“Are colleges charging Rs 5 lakh or less imparting inferior education? Or are those charging 20 lakh giving superior education? They are all following the MCI curriculum. How can there be such a huge difference?” asked Dr Vivek Korde of the Forum Against Commercialisation of Education. The difference can’t be explained by factors like higher costs in big cities.
		+
		+	In Pune, the average fees range from Rs 6 lakh to over 17 lakh, in Mumbai from Rs 7.7 lakh to Rs 25 lakh, and in Bangalore from Rs 4 lakh to 10 lakh. After the SC ruled that states can regulate medical college fees to curb commercialisation and promote merit, states constituted fee fixation committees. Colleges submit their expenses, on the basis of which the committees fix the fees.
		+
		+	Many claim higher expenses for extra amenities. However, Jawaharlal Shanmugham, the petitioner in a case against deemed universities in Tamil Nadu, pointed out that “luxurious facilities cannot be the criteria to fix exorbitant fees.” Dr Korde too said fees ought to be based only on expenses for facilities mandated by MCI. “Tomorrow, they could have a helipad, but they cannot charge students for it,” he added.
		+
		+	Many colleges allegedly inflate expenses through fake lists of teachers and staff. Last year, a Maharashtra college was in news for showing 250 teachers when students claimed there were just 41. Many deemed universities and their affiliated colleges have escaped the jurisdiction of the fee fixation committees. In Rajasthan, all private medical colleges are affiliated to deemed universities and their average fees range from roughly Rs 15 lakh to Rs 18 lakh.
		+
		+	In the eight deemed universities in Tamil Nadu, fees range from Rs 18.5 lakh to Rs 22.5 lakh. On Shanmugham’s petition, the Madras HC has asked the University Grants Commission to constitute a fee committee for deemed universities. Under the law, only nonprofit societies or charitable trusts could run medical colleges till the government in November 2016 permitted private companies to run them.
		+
		+	These trusts and societies are exempt from income tax on the grounds that they raise funds to provide affordable education for meritorious students. “If they charge the students for every paise spent on them, where is the charity?” asked Dr Korde, adding that it was a case of government inaction as most colleges were owned by politicians.
		+
		+	“Such high fees are beyond the reach of any common meritorious student. When the beneficiaries are rich students, these institutions do not perform any charitable activity,” stated Shanmugham.
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