http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Mahatma_Gandhi%3A_ideology 2026-08-03T18:17:06Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.19.2 http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=134113&oldid=prev 2024-12-22T18:27:21Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Inspirations</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 18:27, 22 December 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 132:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 132:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>150 years after Gandhi’s birth there are many Gandhis, in India and worldwide. Diverse people and groups have valued and used some of his ideas and practices, or used his name to grace their own projects. Sometimes he has been deployed in support of causes which he would not have recognised. In a real sense, he has become “global property”.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>150 years after Gandhi’s birth there are many Gandhis, in India and worldwide. Diverse people and groups have valued and used some of his ideas and practices, or used his name to grace their own projects. Sometimes he has been deployed in support of causes which he would not have recognised. In a real sense, he has become “global property”.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>If we turn to the historical Gandhi, to a man living in a particular time and place, working in a specific social and political context, I would argue that his real relevance in India and in the wider world today is that he had the depth of character and vision to pose fundamental questions for modern men and women: questions about the value of the human person, the proper nature of public identity, and the right ways to live in community and to deal with inevitable disagreements and conflict. This is in contrast to those “Gandhians” who would argue that he provided “answers” relevant in any situation. Let me suggest just four of these major questions which Gandhi in his own time in South Africa and India was to ask — of himself and of those around him.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>If we turn to the historical Gandhi, to a man living in a particular time and place, working in a specific social and political context, I would argue that his real relevance in India and in the wider world today is that he had the depth of character and vision to pose fundamental questions for modern men and women: questions about the value of the human person, the proper nature of public identity, and the right ways to live in community and to deal with inevitable disagreements and conflict. This is in contrast to those “Gandhians” who would argue that he provided “answers” relevant in any situation. Let me suggest just four of these major questions which Gandhi in his own time in South Africa and India was to ask — of himself and of those around him.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 181:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 182:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The writer is author of the book, ‘Influences that shaped the Gandhian Ideology’ published in 2020</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The writer is author of the book, ‘Influences that shaped the Gandhian Ideology’ published in 2020</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=Israel Palestine=</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/mahatma-gandhi-on-israel-palestine-9600143/ Arjun Sengupta, Oct 3, 2024: ''The Indian Express'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gandhi’s most-quoted line on the subject, however, does not capture the complexity of his views on the matter. As the war in Gaza nears the one-year mark, here is what Gandhi had to say about the “very difficult question”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' Gandhi had deep sympathy for the Jewish people ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gandhi had deep sympathies for the Jewish people, who had been historically persecuted for their religion.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“My sympathies are all with the Jews… They have been the untouchables of Christianity. The parallel between their treatment by Christians and the treatment of untouchables by Hindus is very close. Religious sanction has been invoked in both cases for the justification of the inhuman treatment meted out to them,” Gandhi wrote in the Harijan article.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“The German persecution of the Jews seems to have no parallel in history,” Gandhi said. He expressed concern over Britain’s policy of placating Adolf Hitler (before World War II broke out in September 1939), and said that for the cause of humanity and to prevent the persecution of the Jewish people, even a war with Germany would be “completely justified”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“If there ever could be a justifiable war in the name of and for humanity, a war against Germany, to prevent the wanton persecution of a whole race, would be completely justified,” he wrote.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gandhi had a long association with the Jewish people; during his time in South Africa (1893-1914), most of his friends were Jewish. Notable among them were the likes of Hermann Kallenbach, who remained a lifelong associate of the Mahatma.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In her book Gandhi and his Jewish Friends (1992), Margaret Chatterjee wrote that Gandhi saw the East European Jewish immigrants in South Africa “as a group of people who, like Indians, were being victimised for no fault of their own… [They] became his closest friends and on whom he depended for his social and political work both in Johannesburg and London.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' But he had a problem with a Zionist state ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Despite his sympathies for the Jewish people, Gandhi was not keen on a Zionist state. He believed that a call for a Jewish homeland would undermine the Jewish people’s cause to be treated with dignity, and as equals elsewhere in the world.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“If the Jews have no home but Palestine, will they relish the idea of being forced to leave the other parts of the world in which they are settled?” Gandhi wrote. He added that the Jewish claim for a national home afforded “a colourable justification for the German expulsion of the Jews”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He wrote: “If I were a Jew and were born in Germany, I would claim Germany as my home even as the tallest gentile German may, and challenge him to shoot me or cast me in the dungeon; I would refuse to be expelled or to submit to discriminating treatment”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Given the Holocaust (1941-45) that would begin soon, this view might sound naive; however, Gandhi was not alone in thinking this way.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He had, however, another reason to oppose a Jewish homeland, especially in Palestine.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“It is wrong and inhumane to impose the Jews on the Arabs…,” he wrote. “It would be a crime against humanity to reduce the proud Arabs so that Palestine can be restored to the Jews partly or wholly as their national home,” Gandhi said.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Mahatma believed that the way the Zionist project was proceeding, with British support, was fundamentally violent.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“A religious act [the act of Jews returning to Palestine] cannot be performed with the aid of the bayonet or the bomb,” he wrote. Gandhi felt that the Jews could settle in Palestine only “with the goodwill of Arabs”, and for that they had to “forgo the British bayonet”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' A change of heart? Not really ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Some have argued that Gandhi had a change of heart when it came to the question of Israel, and that his position on the issue changed significantly after the horrors of the Holocaust became known.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A conversation that he had with his biographer Louis Fischer in June 1946 is often quoted in this regard. Gandhi reportedly said: “The Jews have a good cause. I told (British Zionist MP) Sidney Silverman that the Jews have a good case in Palestine. If the Arabs have a claim to Palestine, the Jews have a prior claim.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, there is little evidence beyond Fischer’s writings that Gandhi indeed said that “Jews have a prior claim”. After a newspaper published an article about Gandhi’s seeming support for the Zionist cause (citing his conversation with Fischer), Gandhi issued a clarification in Harijan in July 1946.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“But for their [the Jews’] heartless persecution, probably no question of return to Palestine would ever have arisen,” he wrote in “Jews And Palestine”. “They have erred grievously in seeking to impose themselves on Palestine with the aid of America and Britain and now with the aid of naked terrorism,” he wrote.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:History|G MAHATMA GANDHI: ASSASSINATION OFMAHATMA GANDHI: ASSASSINATION OF</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA </ins>GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">India</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">G </del>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pages with broken file links</ins>|MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=130452&oldid=prev 2024-03-18T19:13:57Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Thus spake Gandhi</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 19:13, 18 March 2024</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 680:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 680:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Gandhi demonstrated that we can force change and justice through moral acts of aggression instead of physical acts of aggression. Never has our species needed this wisdom more —STEVE JOBS on his choice of Gandhi as the person of the century</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Gandhi demonstrated that we can force change and justice through moral acts of aggression instead of physical acts of aggression. Never has our species needed this wisdom more —STEVE JOBS on his choice of Gandhi as the person of the century</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=See also=</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Mahatma Gandhi]] </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Mahatma Gandhi: ideology]] </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Mahatma Gandhi: In South Africa ]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Mahatma Gandhi: Assassination of]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Mridula Gandhi]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: ASSASSINATION OF</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: ASSASSINATION OF]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; 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Pdewan http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=124908&oldid=prev 2023-04-26T18:02:19Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Marital rape</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 18:02, 26 April 2023</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 198:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 198:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Gandhi was a very vocal advocate for women's equality. &quot;Treat your wife as a partner not a slave,&quot; Gandhi counselled his son Manilal. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Gandhi was a very vocal advocate for women's equality. &quot;Treat your wife as a partner not a slave,&quot; Gandhi counselled his son Manilal. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The letters are documented in a book titled 'Jyan raho tyan mahekta raho: Putra ane putra-vadhuo prati Gandhiji' (Keep spreading fragrance wherever you are: Gandhiji towards his sons and daughter-in-laws) authored by Neelam Parikh, great-granddaughter of Mahatma Gandhi. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The letters are documented in a book titled 'Jyan raho tyan mahekta raho: Putra ane putra-vadhuo prati Gandhiji' (Keep spreading fragrance wherever you are: Gandhiji towards his sons and daughter-in-laws) authored by Neelam Parikh, great-granddaughter of Mahatma Gandhi. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 206:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 207:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Offering congratulations on engagement of his grand-daughter Manu with Surendra, nephew of his associate Kishorelal Mashruwala, Gandhi doled out advise to the couple, &quot;You are becoming each other's friend and ally. The girls are not connected with you so that you can rule over them or make them do hard labour,&quot; he wrote. &quot;The coupling is to complete the two of you. Both partners experience equality of heart, mind and soul. Do not ever put each other down but complete yourself.”</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Offering congratulations on engagement of his grand-daughter Manu with Surendra, nephew of his associate Kishorelal Mashruwala, Gandhi doled out advise to the couple, &quot;You are becoming each other's friend and ally. The girls are not connected with you so that you can rule over them or make them do hard labour,&quot; he wrote. &quot;The coupling is to complete the two of you. Both partners experience equality of heart, mind and soul. Do not ever put each other down but complete yourself.”</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=Panchayati Raj=</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==‘Every village has to become a self-sufficient republic’==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-quote-means-gandhi-villages-panchayati-raj-upsc-explained-8571796/&#160; Rishika Singh, April 24, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A landmark law on Panchayati Raj institutions came into effect on April 24, 1993, for which the National Panchayati Raj Day is marked. Here’s what Gandhi said of village governance and why the act helped materialise some of his ideals.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Marking a landmark law that came into effect on April 24, 1993, the National Panchayati Raj Day was the day when the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992, vested constitutional status on Panchayati Raj institutions. Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate a range of projects and schemes today under the “Inclusive Development” theme of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav, celebrating 75 years of Indian independence.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The law on the governance of India’s villages was also a manifestation of one of Mahatma Gandhi’s central principles. He often championed the idea of a Panchayati Raj setup, where local people participate in the functioning of their villages – in improving the condition of schools, roadways and water bodies.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In fact, Gandhi stated that after Indian independence from British rule in 1947, he wished for the Congress Party to transform into a volunteer organisation consisting of panchayat-like units in all Indian villages to interact with villagers for achieving swaraj. We explain what Gandhi meant when he spoke about the concept and why the law was a milestone.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Also, the UPSC Civil Services Examination often asks questions about Gandhi and Gandhian principles in the Essay, Ethics and Polity papers. Moreover, Panchayati Raj is an important topic in General Studies II (in Polity syllabus), which has both basic and advanced questions. For example, in 2018, UPSC asked the following question in its Mains examination: “Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources the Panchayats can look out for financing developmental projects?”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' What was the context of Gandhi’s quote? '''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gandhi’s full quote, from a 1946 issue of the Harijan magazine, reads: “Independence must mean that of the people of India, not of those who are today ruling over them… Independence must begin at the bottom. Thus, every village will be a republic or Panchayat having full powers. It follows, therefore, that every village has to be self-sustained and capable of managing its affairs even to the extent of defending itself against the whole world.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In his various experiments against colonial forces and creating an alternative to their model of governance, Gandhi put forth values like ahimsa (non-violence) and satya (truth). But apart from ideology, he also gave practical steps for achieving true self-rule or swaraj. He said India must have panchayats, a setup where the village’s adults elect a council of five people and a head among them, as local representatives.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Although, Gandhi clarifies this does not mean not taking any help from the outside world, but simply that each person must be so capable as to take care of their own basic needs in life in harmony with nature and those around them.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This would mean contributing labour for public work like sanitation, growing food locally, creating a rotational force for guarding the village, ensuring education for all, wearing hand-spun khadi to promote local artisans, shunning intoxicants, etc.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' Where does swarajya in villages fit in Gandhi’s ideology? '''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gandhi said that in a structure composed of “innumerable villages there will be ever widening, never ascending circles. Life will not be a pyramid with the apex sustained by the bottom.” And so instead of a hierarchy of a powerful district or state or Centre, villages must be equal, important micro units from whom the Centre ultimately derives its power through coordination. This has also been termed “democratic decentralisation”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He recognised the difficulties in achieving this, but added it was to be a template, saying, “If one man can produce one ideal village, he will have provided a pattern not only for the whole country, but perhaps for the whole world.” The idea also reflects his larger inclination towards preserving Indian traditions and resisting external forces.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' What was the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act of 1992? ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Before the act, India’s Constitution only mentioned a two-tier form of government and local institutions found a mention only in Directive Principles of State Policy – which is not enforceable by courts or bound to be followed, only meant as a guiding document for governments.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">With a lack of focus here, absence of regular elections, insufficient representation of marginalised sections like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women, inadequate devolution of powers (transfer from a higher level of government to the lower levels) and lack of financial resources from the state and the Centre were some issues plaguing village-level governance.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Several committees were constituted for studying these issues, such as the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee and the Ashok Mehta Committee, which gave important recommendations. In the late 1980s, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi prioritised the issue and after cross-party support, the measure was finally passed. Being enshrined in law and an amendment to the Constitution meant these provisions could no longer be easily ignored. The 74th Amendment Act, passed in the same year, sought to look at local governance in urban areas and constituting municipal bodies.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' What did the Act change? '''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As The Indian Express noted in its 2018 editorial on 25 years of the act, “The Panchayati Raj Act not only institutionalised PRIs [Panchayati Raj Institutions] as the mandatory third tier of governance, it transformed the dynamics of rural development by giving a say to a large section of the people — significantly, women — in the administration of their localities.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Here are some other key changes it brought:</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*It said the state government may devolve powers for such bodies to implement schemes for economic development and social justice, authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, and tolls and provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State – a major move to help fund them.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*It mandated women’s representation in one-third of the seats. Women now constitute more than 45 per cent of the nearly three million panchayat and gram sabha representatives in the country, standing in contrast to their representation in the current Lok Sabha, at 14 per cent. Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe groups were also mandated to be assigned seats in proportion to their presence in the population.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*A five-year term was fixed for representatives, with a procedure given for conducting timely elections.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*It also noted that the Governor of a State would constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the Panchayats and then recommend to her what their requirements are, how they can be met, etc.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' And how can the act be evaluated now? '''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Undoubtedly, the act has been instrumental in involving more and more people in the democratic processes at a grassroots level. As James Manor notes in The Oxford Companion to Politics in India, decentralisation generally results in more transparency between the government and the people, better grievance redressal and better information flow. Manor notes how civil servants can gain timely news about developing health concerns or outbreaks in rural areas, for example, to suggest intervention.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, he also noted that many of the initial worries – having to do with finances, real devolution and genuine representation of marginalised groups – remain. Too often, these are dependent on the approach of the political parties in states or a reluctance to cede power.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Notably, the domain of local governments comes under the State List as per Schedule 7 of the Constitution. Manor explained that this meant, “The amendments had to suggest more things than they required of the states.” State governments’ varied responses have led to varying results of the act’s impact across India.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In 2013, former MP Mani Shankar Aiyar headed a committee titled ‘Towards Holistic Panchayat Raj’ on evaluating the act 20 years after it came into effect. He also noted some steps to rectify these problems in an article in The Indian Express, ranging from financial incentivisation of the states to encourage effective devolution to greater involvement of these bodies in district-level planning.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA </ins>GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">India</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">G </del>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pages with broken file links</ins>|MAHATMA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA </ins>GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=123604&oldid=prev 2023-02-19T18:32:54Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">An abstemious life vs. an indulgent one</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 18:32, 19 February 2023</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 48:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 48:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>You take them for pleasure and then ask the doctor for an antidote. Perhaps you tell the doctor that whisky befogs your brain and he gives you an antidote. Would it not be better not to take chocolates or whisky.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>You take them for pleasure and then ask the doctor for an antidote. Perhaps you tell the doctor that whisky befogs your brain and he gives you an antidote. Would it not be better not to take chocolates or whisky.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=The Bhagavad Gita=</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Influence of Gandhi==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://www.speakingtree.in/article/highest-ideal-that-gandhi-discovers-in-the-gita&#160; Anup Taneja, January 30, 2023: ''The Speaking Tree'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gandhiji had a unique faith in the ultimate goodness of man, a faith in the great potentialities of humanity and a faith that, notwithstanding all his limitations, weaknesses and violence in nature, man will someday rise to great spiritual heights. It was this belief that motivated him to render selfless service to humanity through the path of non-violence and the path of change of heart.

His satyagraha was a weapon chiefly intended to serve humanity; the basic qualification of an ideal satyagrahi was a living faith in love and living faith in God. To quote him: “He must have a living faith in non-violence. This is impossible without a living faith in God. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Without it, he won’t have the courage to die without anger, without fear and without retaliation.” Being a man who reposed unconditional trust in God, Gandhi was totally fearless. He declared: “For many years I have accorded intellectual assent to the proposition that death is only a big change in life and nothing more; it should, therefore, be welcome whenever it arrives.”

The question is: Where did this unique fearlessness and indomitable courage, his ever-readiness to lay down his life for truth and just cause, come from? It would not be wrong to say that the teachings of the Bhagwad Gita completely transformed his life.

While meticulously going through the Gita, Gandhi discovered that its highest ideal was anasakti, non-attachment. He explains the concept of anasakti in the Gita by making two general statements: i) ‘not one embodied being is exempted from doing works’; and ii) ‘it is beyond dispute that all action binds’. The implication behind these statements is that none of us can escape action; it is the demand of nature that we must engage in action. Also, an action cannot be performed in isolation; one action will definitely require that further actions are performed and thus a vicious circle of bondage is created.

The question is: How to escape from this bondage? </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">According to Gandhiji, surrendering oneself to the Divine Will unconditionally is the best course of action.  He condemned the system of sannyasa in the form of cessation of all actions, primarily because it is not action as such that binds the doer, the motive with which an action is performed is the main factor. He opined that it is not desire that vitiates the action, but selfish desire, the desire for fruit; and if an end is put to this selfish desire, the action performed will become a noble act and won’t be binding.

Thus, according to Gandhiji, the concept of renunciation in the Gita never implied absence of purpose; it only implied absence of purpose meant for self-benefit. Every action that one performs ought to be governed by some motive because no action could be performed in an abstract manner. That motive, however, should be to realise one’s Inner Self, the silent witness that keeps observing constantly all the activities of the mind. One who performs his duties with full dedication, with an attitude of surrender, becomes worthy of Self-realisation, the ultimate goal of human life.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Economic philosophy =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Economic philosophy =</div></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=121473&oldid=prev 2022-10-15T10:36:21Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Religion</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 10:36, 15 October 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 497:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 497:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Similarly, the acceptance of another tradition is not such a straightforward matter as it might appear at first sight ...</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Similarly, the acceptance of another tradition is not such a straightforward matter as it might appear at first sight ...</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==All-faith prayers==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-bapus-all-faith-prayers-continue-to-bring-all-religions-together/articleshow/94580721.cms Vivek Shukla, Oct 1, 2022: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' Mahatma Gandhi started all-faith prayers to quell communal violence in the run up to Independence. Meet some who have attended these meets for decades ''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">At the cusp of independence, when India was in the throes of communal violence Mahatma Gandhi started all-faith prayers to bring various religions on the same platform. From April 1, 1947, to June 10, every evening at 5pm Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Christian scholars would flock to Valmiki Basti in Delhi to recite from their respective scriptures. Gandhiji was staying in Valmiki Basti during that period. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">
When he moved to Birla House (now known as Gandhi Smriti Museum) on Tees January Road, the all-religion meet continued there. Those were the days when All India Radio (AIR) used to broadcast the prayer and his speech at prime time — 8.30pm — on its national network ahead of the national news which followed at 9pm. AIR played the recordings of his post-prayer speeches at Birla House from the third week of September, 1947, till January 29, 1948, a day before he was assassinated. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">
Venerable singer MS Subbulakshmi sang bhajans like “Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram”, “Vaishnava Jana To” and “Hari Tum Haro” on January 29, 1948, at the Birla House. Environmentalist Sunderlal Bahuguna was also there on that day.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“I was there and MS Subbalakhsmi was at her very best on that day. She enthralled all of us with her melodious bhajans. I couldn’t attend the next day's prayer as I was stuck up somewhere else,” Bahuguna told this writer many years ago. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gandhiji may not be with us but the practice of all-faith prayer meetings have stood the test of time. There are some who have attended these meets for decades. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Om shanti ''' </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Take the instance of Katsu Saan. The diminutive 85-year-old, Japanese by birth, has not missed a single all-faith meeting since she was first invited to one way back in 1969. Even today she recites Buddhist prayers on Gandhi Jayanti (October 2) and Martyr’s Day (January 30) at Raj Ghat and Tees January Road. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Katsu Saan came to India in 1959 to study Buddhism. In the process, she learnt both Hindi and Gandhian thought as well. “While exploring Buddhism here I started loving India deeply. That forced me to stay here for the rest of my life. I learnt Hindi and the life and times of Gandhiji from Kaka Kalalker [a social reformer and Gandhian] in Delhi,” she says.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Octogenarian Katsu Saan (left), who is Japanese by birth, has not missed a single all-faith meeting since 1969</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Katsu Saan looks after the affairs of the Vishwa Shanti Stupa, also known as the World Peace Pagoda, located in the heart of Delhi in the Indraprastha Park. 
</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rabbi Ezekiel Isaac Malekar is perhaps the second senior-most member of those who are part of the all-religion prayers. Head of the Jewish community in New Delhi, he is the secretary of the Judah Hyam Synagogue at Humayun Road. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">
“I have been reciting the Jewish prayers since 1985. I don’t think any other country in the world has anything similar to our all-religion prayers. Surely, only Gandhiji could think of such a gathering. When I reach the venue for the prayer, I feel very happy and there is a sense of fulfilment that I am sitting with scholars of other religions.” 
</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Father George Soloman, a priest, has also participated in all-faith prayers umpteen times in various places. He recites from the Bible during the prayer meetings. “Very honestly, it gives great joy and happiness when you take part in all-faith prayers. It gives out a strong message that we all have to live together to make India a truly secular country. Gandhiji came to know about Christianity while he was in South Africa. There he met Christian missionary Joseph Doke, who wrote his first biography. He also learnt about the religion from CF Andrews, a teacher in Delhi’s St Stephen’s College,” he says. 
Watch: Inter-faith prayer held on 151st Gandhi Jayanti</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' Songs of peace '''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">With the passage of time, prayers of Jain, Baha’i, Parsi and Buddhist faiths were also included in the all-religion prayer meetings. The Baha’i prayer was introduced thanks to the efforts of noted Gandhian Nirmala Deshpande in 1985. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AK Merchant, who recites the Baha’i prayers, says: “The purpose of prayer in the Bahaʼi faith is to grow closer to God and to help better one's own conduct and to request divine assistance.” Merchant is also associated with the Lotus Temple in the capital. He has also prayed with others when Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pranab Mukherjee passed away. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sanskrit scholar and newsreader in both AIR and Doordarshan, Baldev Anand Sagar is a senior member of the all-religion prayer group. As he himself says three dates are very important in his life. “I consider October 2, January 30 and August 21, 1994, are defining dates in my life. The first two days are for obvious reasons and the third date is when I read the first-ever Sanskrit news bulletin on Doordarshan though I have been reading it on AIR since 1974.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sagar recites shlokas from the Bhagavad Gita and Panchdev mantra, which is dedicated to five gods in Hinduism — Ganesha, Shiva, Vishnu, Devi (Durga) and Surya. Panchdev mantra is a collection of five mantras and it should be chanted beginning with Ganesha and ending with Surya. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">
A science teacher, Maqsood Ahmad, has been reading from the Quran from time to time at all-faith prayers. “The serene mood at both Rajghat and Tees January Marg on October 2 and January 30 cannot be described in words. One feels so good and connected to the Almighty while praying,” says Ahmad. He has also prayed when Vajpayee passed away. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">
Indu Jain, a teacher and motivational speaker and who has been reciting from the Jain scriptures, says, “I am really honoured that I have been part of the group of people who are invited to pray. Gandhiji was not a Jain. But he could be called one if one considers his actions and beliefs.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Gandhi Smriti museum in Delhi, where Mahatma Gandhi spent his last days, is dedicated to his memorabilia and life’s work (Photo: Gandhismriti.gov.in)</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">According to her, the central tenet of Jainism is ahimsa (non-violence) and Gandhi's philosophy rested upon it. He developed a method of political activism called satyagraha which was wholly based upon truth and non-violence. It has been translated as non-cooperation and passive resistance. 
</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On Gandhi Jayanti D Bagli, a priest from Parsi Anjuman in Delhi, and Jaspal Singh, a music teacher from west Delhi would also join their friends from other faiths during the all-religion prayer. 
</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While Bagli will recite from the Avesta, Singh will read from the Sikh scriptures. 
</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All those who pray are given a maximum 5-6 minutes to recite. They are also called when some important personality dies. In that situation, they have to pray at the residence of the deceased person. For their efforts, they get some token remuneration. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">
The writer is the author of “Gandhi’s Delhi”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 502:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 554:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Pages with broken file links|MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Pages with broken file links|MAHATMA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA </ins>GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=120177&oldid=prev 2022-08-26T07:48:55Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Religion</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 07:48, 26 August 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 447:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 447:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Pages with broken file links|MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Pages with broken file links|MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Religion= &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=Ramana Maharishi and Gandhi=</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Two Attitudes==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2020%2F02%2F08&amp;entity=Ar02205&amp;sk=21452CA9&amp;mode=text&#160; Ashok Vohra, The ‘Mahatma’ And The Maharishi, February 8, 2020: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Though MK Gandhi and Ramana Maharishi were contemporaries, they never met in person. Gandhi tried thrice to meet Ramana but each time, due to pressure of work, to his regret, he could not find time to go to Ramanashrama in Tiruvannamalai.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Despite the fact that the two never met, they appreciated each other’s thought and work. Ramana advised his disciples to “follow the example of Gandhiji in the work of national cause.” To all those who complained of depression, Gandhi advised “Go to Ramnashramam and come back after a month’s time.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">About the two, Sarojini Naidu wrote, “We have two mahatmas in India today. One is Ramana Maharishi, who gives us peace. The other is Mahatma Gandhi, who will not let us rest one moment in peace. But each does what he is doing with the same end in view, namely the spiritual regeneration of India.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">On seeing an eighteen inches high statue of Gandhi in one of the alcoves in Ramana Maharishi’s ashrama room, one of his devotees was puzzled and asked him, “Who should be my ideal? Should it be ever active Gandhi, or ever reticent Ramana who sits quietly?”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">On hearing the question Ramana Maharishi smilingly looked at him and said, “Who told you that I am sitting quietly?” The devotee said that he had been seeing it with his own eyes. At this Ramana asked him “Why do you think that what you are seeing with physical eyes is the truth?”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ramana explained to him that both he and Gandhi perform their actions with ‘devotion and detachment’ and ask everyone to do so. They have completely surrendered themselves to divine will. For both, the key word is ‘surrender’. He said that if one has surrendered absolutely to God or to a guru then he does not have to “concern himself about the rectitude or otherwise of the course”, he will be taken “on the right course” by the power to whom he has surrendered.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gandhi, according to Ramana, was the exemplar of complete and unequivocal surrender to God. Ramana upheld that Gandhi had no interest in Indian independence if it were to be achieved by unspiritual or immoral means. Gandhi too admitted several times that he was seeking his own salvation through all his actions.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gandhi endorsed the doctrine of ‘surrender’ when he said, “And if God guides me, what should I think? Even thought may be an obstacle in the way of His guidance.” Explaining this remark Ramana said, “It is only after the rise of I-thought that all other thoughts arise.” Once the ‘I-thought’ vanishes and is replaced by ‘divine will’, all doubts regarding success or failure, right or wrong, disappear. Doubts arise “only because one has not surrendered to the divine”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Spiritualism was the cardinal principle underlying all their actions. By ‘spiritualism’ they meant ‘education of the heart’. It represents the ‘inner view of life’ – “it is the life within expressing and governing the life without.” Both Gandhi and Ramana agreed that “the more the soul is in tune with God, the more it realises its own inner bliss.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When Ramana heard of Gandhi’s death, he cited the episode from Uttar Ramayana: Rama was reminded by devas that his work on earth was over after the death of Ravana. Ramana said, “Now that India’s Independence is achieved, Gandhi’s work was done and so he had been sent away.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Religion= &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Two Attitudes==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F01%2F30&amp;entity=Ar02609&amp;sk=1735D8CC&amp;mode=text&#160; Arvind Sharma, MK Gandhi And Two Attitudes Of Religion, January 30, 2019: ''The Times of India'']</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F01%2F30&amp;entity=Ar02609&amp;sk=1735D8CC&amp;mode=text&#160; Arvind Sharma, MK Gandhi And Two Attitudes Of Religion, January 30, 2019: ''The Times of India'']</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 472:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 497:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Similarly, the acceptance of another tradition is not such a straightforward matter as it might appear at first sight ...</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Similarly, the acceptance of another tradition is not such a straightforward matter as it might appear at first sight ...</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages with broken file links|MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Science &amp; Technology=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Science &amp; Technology=</div></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=115722&oldid=prev 2021-10-08T18:26:01Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Philosophy of life</span></span></p> <a href="http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&amp;diff=115722&amp;oldid=115719">Show changes</a>

Jyoti http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=115719&oldid=prev 2021-10-08T12:15:05Z

<p></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 12:15, 8 October 2021</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=Vignettes=</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==A==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Mahatma Gandhi- I.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi- I &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Mahatma Gandhi- II.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi- II &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Mahatma Gandhi- III.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi- III &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Mahatma Gandhi- IV.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi- IV &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Mahatma Gandhi- V.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi- V &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Mahatma Gandhi- VI.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi- VI &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Mahatma Gandhi- VII.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi- VII &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Mahatma Gandhi- VIII.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi- VIII &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File: Mahatma Gandhi- IX.jpg|Mahatma Gandhi- IX &lt;br/&gt; From: [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/10-facts-you-didnt-know-about-mahatma-gandhi/articleshow/78441265.cms&#160; Oct 1, 2021: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=An abstemious life vs. an indulgent one=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=An abstemious life vs. an indulgent one=</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 359:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 380:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=115718&oldid=prev 2021-10-08T12:13:36Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">An abstemious life vs. an indulgent one</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 12:13, 8 October 2021</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 27:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 27:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>You take them for pleasure and then ask the doctor for an antidote. Perhaps you tell the doctor that whisky befogs your brain and he gives you an antidote. Would it not be better not to take chocolates or whisky.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>You take them for pleasure and then ask the doctor for an antidote. Perhaps you tell the doctor that whisky befogs your brain and he gives you an antidote. Would it not be better not to take chocolates or whisky.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Category</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IDEOLOGY</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=Economic philosophy =</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:</del>India<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|G MAHATMA GANDHI</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==An overview==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MAHATMA GANDHI</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">IDEOLOGY]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-gandhi-was-not-anti-business-or-anti-capitalist/articleshow/86676355.cms&#160; Oct 2, 2021</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''The Times of India'']</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Author Rajni Bakshi writes</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&quot;Gandhi’s asceticism in later life tends to obscure the fact that he often reminded people that he is a “vanika putra”, the son of a baniya (merchant).&quot; In another context, Gandhi’s American admirer [and journalist] William Shirer writes</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&quot;There was something of the banian trader in Gandhi, reflecting the caste from which he came&quot;; and Gandhi himself remained a supporter of the caste system, although he did hedge himself even as early as in 1921, when he wrote in Young India as follows</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&quot;I believe in the varnashrama dharma in a sense, in my opinion, strictly Vedic but not in its present popular and crude sense.&quot; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gandhi’s attempt at a nuanced distinction between the caste system and the so-called traditional varnashrama dharma remained with him all his life. Gandhi’s positive approach to business, trade and wealth may have been in part a function of his caste origins. It was also reflected in many of his actions. He went to South Africa as an attorney for Gujarati Muslin merchants who themselves originally belonged to the Bania caste and were relatively recent converts to Islam. In South Africa, two of his important associates, Polack and Kallenbach, were Jewish businessmen.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Back in </ins>India<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Gandhi was quite close to Ambalal Sarabhai, who provided funds for Gandhi’s ashram in Ahmedabad. Gandhi was also close to the Marwari Bania businessman Jamnalal Bajaj, who was sometimes referred to as &quot;Gandhi’s fifth son&quot;. Gandhi maintained very close contacts with businessmen like Ghanshyamdas Birla. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In fact, what is today called the Tees January Marg in Delhi was the site of Birla House. It was here that Nathu Ram Godse shot the Mahatma. Gandhi was Birla’s guest on that fateful 30th day of January in 1948. Gandhi took positive delight in the business successes of India and Indians. He was ecstatic when the Scindia Steam Navigation Company launched a ship under an Indian flag. The evolution of the caste system, trade and finance networks, and organised charity in Gandhi’s home state of Gujarat, clearly influenced Gandhi in the development of his own admittedly idiosyncratic, but equally insightful and powerful views in the field of political economy.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The historian Chhaya Goswami points out that in Kachchh, the king always appointed a merchant, usually of a Bania caste like the Bhatias, as his diwan or prime minister. It could also quite easily be a merchant from a traditionally peasant or artisan caste. This contrasts with what obtains in other parts of India, where the ministers were usually Brahmins. The rulers of the different states of Gujarat saw the merchant elite as their allies. They respected the office of the Nagarsheth, who was the leader of the merchant community across caste and religious divides. Interestingly, according to Goswami, the Nagarsheth acted as a trustee of the interests of his fraternity. The Panjrapole, the animal hospitals that were dear to the hearts of the vegetarian Jain and Vaishnava Banias of Gujarat, were run as charitable trusts. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The famous Anandji Kalyanji Trust, which manages several Jain temples across India, is said to have been established between 1630 and 1640, although accurate recording goes back only till 1720. The chief trustee of the Anandji Kalyanji Trust for over 50 years, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, was a lifelong friend and associate of Gandhi. One can make the case that the Bania-trustee tradition of Gujarat was very much part of Gandhi’s own Bania-Vaishnava world view, and over the years helped him refine his ideas of trusteeship. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' Gandhi the lawyer ''' 
</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It is important to remember that Gandhi was a lawyer trained in English common law traditions. It stands to reason that, along with his acquaintanceship with the Magna Carta, the great charter guaranteeing political liberties to English citizens, which had the unintended consequence of making him a lifelong seditionist, he picked up, among other things, a sound understanding of the legal concept of trusteeship at the Inner Temple, one of the four Inns of Court in London.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A peculiarity that is central to trusteeship is that the trustee does not act in his or her own interest, but in the interests of another legal person who is known as the beneficiary. This is a foundational idea, which Gandhi developed further in ways that were both brilliant and idiosyncratic, pretty much what one would expect from the Mahatma! Trusteeship is a concept fairly unique to English common law. It does not exist in continental civil law and Code Napoleon jurisdictions. During an illuminating conversation, Girish Dave, himself a feisty Gujarati lawyer with an impish Gandhian sense of rebellion about him, told me that had Gandhi trained in France, which is a civil-law country, he might have been less committed both to non-violent Constitutional progress and to trusteeship. Trusteeship is considered one of the high points of English common law and almost as a unique contribution in the broader area of civil and commercial jurisprudence. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Closely associated with the idea of trusteeship is the idea of what constitutes ‘fiduciary responsibility’ and abuse thereof. The fiduciary notion assumes that the trustee is not selfishly pursuing the trustee’s own interests, but is keeping in mind the interests of the beneficiary. The trustee acts on behalf of ‘another person’ and is duty-bound to protect and enhance the interests of the ‘other’.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The moralist in Gandhi clearly saw the relationship between this legal concept and the ethical imperative for unselfishness. A violation of one’s fiduciary responsibilities as a trustee is contrary to law and can invite legal sanctions and penalties. It was Gandhi’s genius not to just stay focused on the illegality, but also highlight the immorality of neglect of fiduciary duties. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gandhi pointed out that Hindu tradition stresses not only ‘paapa’ (sin); the act of being a good trustee could also lead to ‘punya’ (meritorious action, or the opposite of sin). Gandhi was very fond of and extremely influenced by the Gospels of the New Testament. Arguably, he quotes more from the Gospels than from any other source. Among the Christian denominations, the Quakers caught his attention, and Gandhi developed a keen interest in their philosophy. The Quakers were a group of anti-establishment Christians who were pioneers in a variety of fields</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opposition to slavery, support for Irish and Indian nationalism and support of principled pacifism.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As an aside, it is interesting that Gandhi’s first public speech during his Round Table Conference visit to England was in front of Quakers at the Friends Meeting House in Euston Road in London. The Quakers were a Christian denomination whose commitment to absolutist standards of non-violence is well known. What is not so well known is that Quakers had ideological concerns in the area of inheritance, including inheritance of wealth. While several Quakers opposed the idea of humans being born into bondage as slaves, others have repeatedly looked upon inherited wealth as being problematic. Gandhi too was extremely uncomfortable with inherited wealth. He was quite emphatic in Harijan in 1942 when he wrote</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&quot;Personally I do not believe in inherited riches&quot;. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Excerpted with permission from Economist Gandhi</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Political Economy of the Mahatma, Its Roots and Relevance (published by Penguin India) 
</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> </table>

Jyoti http://www.indpaedia.com/ind/index.php?title=Mahatma_Gandhi:_ideology&diff=114791&oldid=prev 2021-08-15T22:48:54Z

<p>‎<span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Inspirations</span></span></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 22:48, 15 August 2021</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 36:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 36:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=Education=</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Should be Holistic==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIDEL%2F2019%2F12%2F19&amp;entity=Ar01814&amp;sk=4FDE4ED9&amp;mode=text MS Kurhade, Dec 19, 2019 ''Times of India''] </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MK Gandhi is rightly regarded as one of the greatest advocates of education for all. A vital aspect of Gandhiji’s thoughts on education was his focus on social and spiritual education. He dismissed any education which did not teach human values. He said, “An education which does not teach us to discriminate between good and bad, to assimilate the one and eschew the other, is a misnomer.”</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gandhiji addressed students directly and appealed to them to develop a strong moral character: “The miasma of moral impurity has today spread among our school-going children and, like a hidden epidemic, is working havoc among them. All your scholarship, all your study of the scriptures, will be in vain if you fail to translate their teachings into your daily life.” Reminding students of the necessity of discipline and building one’s character, Gandhiji said, “Students should be, above all, humble, and correct ... The greatest, to remain great, has to be the lowliest by choice.” It is important to distinguish between religious education and spiritual education. While Gandhiji felt that religious education should remain the “sole concern of religious associations”, for him, secular “spiritual training” was “education of the heart”.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">According to Gandhiji, the effective means of development of personality and character is the study of one’s religion. He emphasised such traits as the spirit of self-sacrifice, social service, ahimsa and brahmacharya. True religion means an abiding faith in the absolute values of truth, love and justice. So, he recommended instruction in the universal essentials of religion and training in the fundamental virtues of truth and non-violence as the very basis of religious education. In fact, Gandhiji wanted that every child should respect all religions and this should get reflected in his daily conduct.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Gandhian aim of education is human transformation rather than simply to acquire information. Today ethics, morality, compassion and such values are accepted in theory, but are difficult to implement in practice, whereas Gandhiji thought that the implementation of these values in practical life, is the very core of education.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thus, it is evident how Gandhiji’s new vision of education combined the practical with the spiritual, local with universal. He wrote, “The function of Nayee-Talim is not to teach an occupation, but through it to develop the whole man.” For him, this meant the advancement of all faculties and elements within us. He said, “By education I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in the child and man – body, mind and spirit.” Holistic education, integrating past traditions with the future of the nation, beginning with the individual and ending with society and the universe as a whole, formed the culmination of Gandhiji’s thoughts on education.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This is where Gandhiji’s philosophy of education steps in at the present crisis facing the world. What we most require now is the kind of education that fosters love, develops character and provides an intellectual basis for realisation of peace and empowers learners to contribute to and improve society.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The relevance of Gandhi comes from the basic premise that everything he preached, he practised. His life was open and one can draw inspiration for all the myriad dimensions of everyday life simply by learning from his life, thoughts and writings, particularly in this special sesquicentennial year of Gandhiji’s birth.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Inspirations=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=Inspirations=</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 96:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 114:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The writer is author of the book, ‘Influences that shaped the Gandhian Ideology’ published in 2020</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The writer is author of the book, ‘Influences that shaped the Gandhian Ideology’ published in 2020</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Biography|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:India|G MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGYMAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MAHATMA GANDHI: IDEOLOGY]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Marital rape=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Marital rape=</div></td></tr> </table>

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