Cyclonic winds, cyclones: South Asia - Revision history

Jyoti: /* 1976, 1985, 2010-2019 */

2025-12-13T06:31:45Z

‎1976, 1985, 2010-2019

Jyoti: /* Storm surges */

2025-09-25T14:26:53Z

‎Storm surges

Jyoti at 11:36, 16 August 2024

2024-08-16T11:36:14Z

Show changes

Jyoti: /* 1891-2023: ‘Severe’ category */

2023-06-27T17:40:35Z

‎1891-2023: ‘Severe’ category

Jyoti: /* 1891-2012 */

2023-06-27T17:36:30Z

‎1891-2012

Jyoti: /* Briefly */

2023-06-19T20:16:20Z

‎Briefly

Jyoti: /* Cyclone Biparjoy, 2023 */

2023-06-19T20:12:27Z

‎Cyclone Biparjoy, 2023

Jyoti: /* Cyclone Mocha, 2023 */

2023-06-19T20:11:27Z

‎Cyclone Mocha, 2023

Jyoti: /* =1998: super cyclone in Gujarat */

2023-06-18T08:23:07Z

‎=1998: super cyclone in Gujarat

Jyoti: /* 1998: super cyclone in Odisha */

2023-06-18T08:22:53Z

‎1998: super cyclone in Odisha

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:31, 13 December 2025
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	The most recent very severe cyclonic storm Bulbul took a toll on life and property in southern parts of Gangetic West Bengal in the Sundarbans.		The most recent very severe cyclonic storm Bulbul took a toll on life and property in southern parts of Gangetic West Bengal in the Sundarbans.

		+	==1990-2025==
		+	[[File: Major cyclones off the Bay of Bengal, 1990-2025.jpg\|Major cyclones off the Bay of Bengal, 1990-2025 <br/> From: [https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=10_11_2025_018_003_cap_TOI Nov 10, 2025: ''The Times of India'']\|frame\|500px]]
		+
		+	'''See graphic''':
		+
		+	'' Major cyclones off the Bay of Bengal, 1990-2025 ''
		+
		+	[[Category:Climate/Meteorology\|C CYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA
		+	CYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|C CYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA
		+	CYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA]]

	=In brief=		=In brief=

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:26, 25 September 2025
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	(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)		(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)

		+	==East coast==
		+	===As of 2025===
		+	[https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=22_09_2025_301_006_cap_TOI U Tejonmayam, Sep 22, 2025: ''The Times of India'']
		+
		+	A week after Cyclone Nivar unleashed 5.5m-high waves and eroded an average 0.34m of shoreline at Thazhangudi beach, 60km from Marakkanam in Tamil Nadu, Cyclone Burevi loomed. But after moving over the Sri Lankan landmass, the storm weakened due to surface friction. It turns out the teardrop island is serving as a protector of southeast India.
		+
		+	Over the years, high-energy waves triggered by tropical cyclones, sea-level rise, and rapid development have been accelerating erosion along India’s east coast more than the west. More than 180sqkm of land on the east coast has been lost compared to 45sqkm on the west.
		+	A new study has found that if not for the presence of the Sri Lankan landmass, swell waves from the Southern Ocean could travel thousands of kilometres to India’s east coast, causing coastal flooding and erosion. Some swells, however, enter the Bay of Bengal.
		+
		+	Researchers at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (Incois), a MoES research institute, simulated scenarios with and without the Sri Lankan landmass, and found that destructive Southern Ocean swells could reach as far north on the east coast as mid-Andhra Pradesh. The findings were based on 2019 data from wave rider buoys off Kollam in Kerala and along Puducherry coast. The analysis showed 96% of long-period swell events recorded at Kollam on the west coast did not reach Puducherry, although both locations lie at nearly the same latitude.
		+
		+	Swells happen when cyclonic weather systems over the Southern Ocean generate persistent wind patterns with a strong northward component, typically lasting about three days. These waves travel more than 6,000km, reaching Indian shores within about five days. They are largely unaffected by local winds or currents and often go undetected by satellites due to their low frequency and lack of surface whitecaps.
		+
		+	These ‘invisible’ waves can grow up to 3m in height, and strike the coasts of Kerala, southern TN and Maharashtra, particularly between April and Nov. Researchers say with climate change and sea-level rise, low-lying areas and islands may be permanently submerged, potentially altering the path of these energetic swells. “This may lead to modification of propagation paths of highly energetic Southern Ocean swells which can accelerate changes in coastal geomorphology and ecosystem,” says K G Sandhya, corresponding author of the study published in the Journal of Earth System Science. Kerala frequently suffers from long-period swell waves originating in the Southern Ocean. These ‘freak’ waves, triggered by distant storms, strike without local weather warning signs. Combined with sea-level rise, they damage lowlying, fragile areas of the coast.
		+
		+	As the east coast stays protected, Sri Lanka bears the brunt. Studies show the country’s southwest coast faces significant erosion, with isolated hotspots on its east and northeast coastlines. Much of this is due to stormy monsoon conditions, winddriven wave patterns and rapid coastal urbanisation. As per Sri Lanka’s Department of Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management, about 1.75 lakh sqm-2.85 lakh sqm of land has eroded along its 685km west and southwest coast.
		+
		+	[[Category:Climate/Meteorology\|C
		+	CYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA]]
		+	[[Category:India\|C
		+	CYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA]]

	=B: MAJOR CYCLONES=		=B: MAJOR CYCLONES=

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 ===1891-2023: ‘Severe’ category===
 [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/biparjoy-first-june-cyclone-gujarat-coast-25-years-8659211/   Anjali Marar, June 13, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']
 It is after 25 years that Gujarat coast is bracing for a cyclone in June. Biparjoy will be only the fifth cyclone of the ‘severe’ (wind speed of 48 – 63 kms/hr) or higher category to cross Gujarat, if realised, as per the forecast issued by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
@@ Line 30: / Line 32: @@
 The ‘Extremely Severe’ Cyclone Biparjoy (wind speed 90 – 119 kms/hr) is expected to cross Saurashtra-Kutch and Pakistan between Mandvi, Gujarat and Karachi, Pakistan near Jakhau Port in Gujarat by Thursday afternoon as ‘Very Severe’ cyclone with a maximum wind speed of 125 – 135 kms/hr, the IMD has predicted. ” As on 8.30am of Monday, Biporjoy was located 320kms south-southwest of Porbandar,, 360kms south-southwest of Dwaraka, 440kms south of Jakhau Port, 440kms south-southwest of Naliya and 620kms south of Karachi, Pakistan,” the Met department’s latest cyclone update said.
 Since 1891, only five cyclones of the ‘severe’ category (wind speed 89 – 117 kms/hr) or above have made a landfall over Gujarat in June, the IMD’s cyclone atlas stated. Notably, all of these were post 1900. These ‘severe’ or higher intensity cyclones were during 1920, 1961, 1964 , 1996 and 1998. Overall, 16 depressions and cyclones, formed in the Arabian Sea during the past 132 years, have reached Gujarat, the IMD’s data stated.
@@ Line 50: / Line 53: @@
 '' Anjali Marar works at the Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru. ''
 [[Category:Climate/ Meteorology|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:36, 27 June 2023
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	''Cyclones in India, 1891-2012''		''Cyclones in India, 1891-2012''

		+	===1891-2023: ‘Severe’ category===
		+	[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/biparjoy-first-june-cyclone-gujarat-coast-25-years-8659211/ Anjali Marar, June 13, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']
		+	It is after 25 years that Gujarat coast is bracing for a cyclone in June. Biparjoy will be only the fifth cyclone of the ‘severe’ (wind speed of 48 – 63 kms/hr) or higher category to cross Gujarat, if realised, as per the forecast issued by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
		+
		+	Biparjoy is the only third ‘extremely severe’ cyclone to develop in the Arabian Sea in June in 58 years, the data suggested.
		+
		+	The ‘Extremely Severe’ Cyclone Biparjoy (wind speed 90 – 119 kms/hr) is expected to cross Saurashtra-Kutch and Pakistan between Mandvi, Gujarat and Karachi, Pakistan near Jakhau Port in Gujarat by Thursday afternoon as ‘Very Severe’ cyclone with a maximum wind speed of 125 – 135 kms/hr, the IMD has predicted. ” As on 8.30am of Monday, Biporjoy was located 320kms south-southwest of Porbandar,, 360kms south-southwest of Dwaraka, 440kms south of Jakhau Port, 440kms south-southwest of Naliya and 620kms south of Karachi, Pakistan,” the Met department’s latest cyclone update said.
		+	Since 1891, only five cyclones of the ‘severe’ category (wind speed 89 – 117 kms/hr) or above have made a landfall over Gujarat in June, the IMD’s cyclone atlas stated. Notably, all of these were post 1900. These ‘severe’ or higher intensity cyclones were during 1920, 1961, 1964 , 1996 and 1998. Overall, 16 depressions and cyclones, formed in the Arabian Sea during the past 132 years, have reached Gujarat, the IMD’s data stated.
		+
		+	While the naming of cyclones is a more recent initiative, a ‘severe’ cyclone with a maximum wind speed of 100kms/hr had made a landfall close to Diu on June 18, 1996. Another stom, had crossed as an ‘extremely severe’ cyclone with a maximum wind speed of 166kms/hr near Porbandar on June 9, 1998.
		+
		+	What makes cyclone Biparjoy unique is its intensity and pace of movement in the sea since last week. The North Indian Ocean basin reports the maximum cyclogenesis in the months of May and November. June, being the Southwest monsoon onset month, the conditions for the development of cyclones in this basin are generally not conducive. This is mainly due to the dominance of the monsoon wind flow.
		+
		+	According to the IMD, the probability for a depression to intensify into a ‘severe’ cyclone or higher in June is about 35 per cent, that too, across the land, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea put together. Which is why, there have been only two cyclones previously — in 1977 and 1998 — that intensified into the ‘extremely severe’ category with Biparjoy becoming the newest addition to this list.
		+
		+	While India’s eastern coast is highly prone to cyclones, some districts along the west coast — especially in Kerala, Konkan-Goa, north Konkan and Gujarat — too are equally prone to cyclones. But, as the overall number of cyclones formed in the Arabian Sea (average 1) are fewer than those formed in the Bay of Bengal (average 3) in a year, the west coast is less affected.
		+
		+	In India, the IMD has identified 72 coastal districts along with 24 neighbouring districts within the range of 100kms from the coast to be the most vulnerable to cyclones based on the hazard and maximum possible wind, rainfall and other impacts caused by cyclones. These districts are further classified into ‘very highly’ prone (12) , ‘highly’ prone (41), ‘moderately’ prone(30) and ‘less’ prone (13).
		+
		+	Junagadh and Kutch districts of Gujarat are among the ‘highly’ prone category whereas Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar, Amreli, Jamnagar, Anand, Navsari, Surat, Valsad, Bharuch, Porbandar, Rajkot and Vadodara are ‘moderately’ cyclone prone districts. Surendranagar and Kheda and ‘less’ cyclone prone districts of Gujarat. The IMD cyclone data also suggests that, in the past, Gujarat’s Junagadh suffered from four severe cyclones whereas Kutch, Bhavnagar, Porbandar (3 cyclones, each), Amreli and Rajkot (2 cyclones, each) whereas Jamnagar, Ahmedabad, Anand (one cyclone, each).
		+
		+
		+	''' Why Arabian Sea is safer — relatively '''
		+
		+	Of all the cyclones that emerge in the north Indian Ocean, about 30 per cent are formed in the Arabian Sea and the rest in the Bay of Bengal. One of the reasons is the relatively warmer sea surface waters in the Bay of Bengal that helps the formation of cyclones. Only a fourth of all cyclones in the Arabian Sea move towards the Indian coastline. The rest move northwards towards Pakis-tan or northwestwards towards Iran or Oman.
		+
		+	'' Anjali Marar works at the Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru. ''
		+
		+	[[Category:Climate/ Meteorology\|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA
		+	CYCLONIC]]
		+	[[Category:India\|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA
		+	CYCLONIC]]
		+	[[Category:Pages with broken file links\|CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA
		+	CYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA]]

	==1976, 1985, 2010-2019==		==1976, 1985, 2010-2019==

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:16, 19 June 2023
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	A ‘very severe cyclonic storm’ crossed the Gujarat coast near Porbandar with an intensity of 167 km per hour at the time of landfall, killing 1,173 people with another 1,774 reported missing, according to official data. Media reports, however, suggested at least 4,000 people were killed.		A ‘very severe cyclonic storm’ crossed the Gujarat coast near Porbandar with an intensity of 167 km per hour at the time of landfall, killing 1,173 people with another 1,774 reported missing, according to official data. Media reports, however, suggested at least 4,000 people were killed.
		+
		+	===Details===
		+	[https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/25-years-before-biparjoy-a-cyclone-rained-havoc-8669753/ Leena Misra, June 18, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']
		+
		+	The ‘very severe cyclonic storm’ hit the Gujarat coast on June 9-10, 1998, with a speed of 167 kmph, impacting the districts of Porbandar, Jamnagar and Kutch and killing thousands. While a Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) report recorded the official death toll at 1,680, it is believed that the numbers could have been much higher as many bodies that were flung into the sea could not be traced.
		+
		+	A June 11, 1998, report in The Indian Express read: “Sea water flooded the entire town, entered the first floor (of) houses in the multi-storey Kandla Port Trust (KPT) residential colony forcing people to move higher up. The tidal water was two metres high at the power jetty. A mammoth petrol tank of an oil company was upturned. The Kandla Salt Works, which is Asia’s biggest, vanished without a trace.”
		+
		+	Many of those who died were migrants from as far as Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh – labourers working at the Kandla Port or in the salt factories. “Bodies, shovelled into trucks, were taken out, drenched with diesel and burnt in the open…”, read another report of June 12, 1998, that appeared in The Indian Express. Eyewitnesses say bodies surfaced later at ports and in salt factories. Many were swept away and their bodies were not found. “Only bodies of those were found who had clung to trees, poles or some other objects hoping to survive the cyclone’s fury,” read a June 11 report.
		+
		+	Officials who were part of the Keshubhai Patel-led government then recall that the storm that “seemed to have blown over” returned with increased ferocity.
		+
		+	Pravin Laheri, then principal secretary to chief minister Keshubhai Patel, recalls how the cyclone had “changed course” and caught state authorities unawares. “Vajubhai Vala (then finance minister) had already announced that the cyclone had blown over, but once it reached Jodiya (in Jamnagar district), it began to intensify. The intensity grew once it reached the Gulf of Kutch,” recalls Laheri, calling it a “freak incident”.
		+
		+	“In fact, thinking that the cyclone had blown over, Kandla Port had begun operations… those days the weather alert systems were not as sophisticated as they are today,” he adds.
		+
		+	Laheri describes the sea inundating the salt pans “like a tsunami” and recalls how a student of National Institute of Technology (NIFT) lost her father on a merchant vessel that sank near Salaya port in Dwarka.
		+
		+	An IMD report from then states that the “system” maintained its intensity as a very severe cyclonic storm “even after crossing the coast till noon when it lay over the Gulf of Kutch about 50 km south west of Kandla at 9 hrs of June 9” before it weakened. According to the IMD report, 1,173 people died and 1,774 persons were reported missing.
		+
		+	Retired IAS officer and the then finance secretary KV Bhanujan recalls how “the data we received did not show the cyclone path including Kutch…it was very unexpected. Also the technology was not as advanced those days. Today you get (alerts) very promptly”.
		+
		+	The cyclone also inflicted huge losses. A publication by the MHA, ‘Disaster, Risk Management and The Role of Corporate Sector’, notes how the cyclone of 1998, “ripped through the industrial heart of Gujarat and inflicted an economic loss of nearly Rupees 2,500 crores. The Kandla Port, gateway to the granaries of north India and the industrial belt of west and north India, and neighboring facilities suffered extensive damage and a loss of nearly (Rs)600 crores.
		+
		+	The corporate sector including Reliance Industries’ Jamnagar oil refinery suffered losses amounting to Rupees 100 crore and Gujarat State Fertilizer Corporation’s output was disrupted to the tune of 2,000 tonnes per day. The wind lifted the heavy cranes and machinery and twisted the transmission towers”.
		+
		+	Laheri recalls that handling the compensation process was complicated. “Those days there was no Aadhaar card (for identification)…about 500 of them had ration cards as proof… Also, most of the bodies had started rotting and were beyond recognition,” he says.
		+
		+	Mihir Bhatt, founder of the All-India Disaster Mitigation Institute (AIDMI), an Ahmedabad-based NGO who was in Kutch a day after the cyclone hit, recalls how “everything seemed cleaned up”. “I have never seen so many roofless structures. There was complete devastation…people had been swept away, there were bodies, some embedded in the beach sand,” says Bhatt.

	[[Category:Climate/ Meteorology\|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA		[[Category:Climate/ Meteorology\|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA

@@ Line 923: / Line 923: @@
 [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=17_06_2023_001_025_cap_TOI   Nimesh Khakhariya, June 17, 2023: ''The Times of India'']
-[[File: Cyclone Biparjoy, the impact.jpg|Cyclone Biparjoy, the impact <br/> From: |[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=17_06_2023_001_025_cap_TOI   Nimesh Khakhariya, June 17, 2023: ''The Times of India'']frame|500px]]
+[[File: Cyclone Biparjoy, the impact.jpg|Cyclone Biparjoy, the impact <br/> From: [https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=17_06_2023_001_025_cap_TOI   Nimesh Khakhariya, June 17, 2023: ''The Times of India'']|frame|500px]]
@@ Line 933: / Line 933: @@
 Two deaths were reported, although the government claimed there were zero fatalities due to timely evacuations. A 40-year-old woman, Rajshree Kasundra, died near MaliyaMiyana in Morbi district when atin shed fell on her. In Vadodara, one person died when a wall collapsed in strong winds.
 [[Category:Climate/ Meteorology|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA

@@ Line 920: / Line 920: @@
 “The risk has reduced a lot in our Bangladesh,” he was quoted as saying by the Daily Star newspaper.
-[[Category:Climate/ Meteorology|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA
+=Cyclone Biparjoy, 2023=
-CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA]]
+[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=17_06_2023_001_025_cap_TOI   Nimesh Khakhariya, June 17, 2023: ''The Times of India'']
-[[Category:India|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA
-CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA]]
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+[[File: Cyclone Biparjoy, the impact.jpg|Cyclone Biparjoy, the impact <br/> From: |[https://epaper.timesgroup.com/article-share?article=17_06_2023_001_025_cap_TOI   Nimesh Khakhariya, June 17, 2023: ''The Times of India'']frame|500px]]
-CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA]]
-[[Category:India|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA
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-CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA]]
+Jakhau(Kutch): Cyclone Biparjoy moved out of a battered north Gujarat on Friday evening, leaving vast swathes in Kutch and Saurashtra flooded, roads barely visible under thousands of uprooted trees, thatched houses flattened, farms marooned and most areas without power. Many roads remain unapproachable due to sludge and it may take several days before the rain stops and the situation approaches normalcy.
-[[Category:India|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA
-CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA]]
+By Friday night, the cyclone remnant lay over south Pakistan and was set to enter Rajasthan, where 5,000 people were shifted to safety in Barmer district in view of downpours.
-[[Category:Pages with broken file links|CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA
-CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIA]]
+In Kutch, the NDRF, SDRF and police mounted gruelling efforts to rescue people amid ravaging winds and rains. Around 80,000 electricity poles had collapsed while 33,000 hectares of farms were damaged.
 =C: REGION-WISE. STATISTICS=

@@ Line 316: / Line 316: @@
 =B: MAJOR CYCLONES=
-==1998: super cyclone in Gujarat=
+=1998: super cyclone in Gujarat=
 ==Briefly==
 [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/deadliest-cyclones-to-have-hit-india-in-the-past-8660639/  June 14, 2023: ''The Indian Express'']
@@ Line 324: / Line 324: @@
 A ‘very severe cyclonic storm’ crossed the Gujarat coast near Porbandar with an intensity of 167 km per hour at the time of landfall, killing 1,173 people with another 1,774 reported missing, according to official data. Media reports, however, suggested at least 4,000 people were killed.
-JUNE 1998, GUJARAT
+[[Category:Climate/ Meteorology|C CYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS: INDIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIACYCLONIC WINDS, CYCLONES: SOUTH ASIA
+CYCLONIC]]
 =1998: super cyclone in Odisha=