China-India relations: 1900-1999 - Revision history

Jyoti: /* 1947 */

2026-03-28T13:02:26Z

‎1947

Jyoti: /* 1950 */

2025-10-22T10:59:18Z

‎1950

Pdewan: /* A summary of the events */

2024-12-29T21:36:43Z

‎A summary of the events

Pdewan: /* A summary of the events */

2024-12-29T21:35:29Z

‎A summary of the events

Pdewan: /* How the U.S. viewed the 1967 conflict */

2024-12-29T21:32:29Z

‎How the U.S. viewed the 1967 conflict

Pdewan: /* 1968 */

2024-12-29T21:05:39Z

‎1968

Jyoti: /* 1950 */

2024-03-08T21:35:50Z

‎1950

Jyoti: /* 1950 : Patel cautions about China */

2024-03-08T21:34:29Z

‎1950 : Patel cautions about China

Pdewan: /* 1987: standoff in the Sumdorong Chu Valley */

2023-04-10T08:22:23Z

‎1987: standoff in the Sumdorong Chu Valley

Pdewan: /* 1988 */

2023-03-31T09:00:38Z

‎1988

@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 DEC 30 U.S. Ambassador in India wires State Dept.: India's policy is to not ask China at all about Tibetan 'autonomy'; India has supplied Tibet with a negligible amount of arms;   ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html  Ken Herold])
 =1950=
 JAN 10 U.S. Ambassador in India makes secret report to State Dept.: India has no intention to raise the Tibet issue with China and will not answer Tibet's request for two officers to train Tibetan troops other than a detachment at Gyantse; India disfavors Tibet's U.N. admission and says Tibet had not even asked India for help in this regard.  ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html  Ken Herold])

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:59, 22 October 2025
Line 378:		Line 378:

	OCT 20 Nehru meets Dalai Lama in Peking. ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html Ken Herold])		OCT 20 Nehru meets Dalai Lama in Peking. ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html Ken Herold])
		+
		+	=1954=
		+	==Nehru meets Mao==
		+	[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/military-digest-ncc-cadets-1965-indo-pak-war-10235399/ Man Aman Singh Chhina, Sep 7, 2025: ''The Indian Express'']
		+
		+	On the 60th anniversary of the 1965 India-Pakistan war, Punjab is fighting another kind of battle along the border. The war zone that saw pitched battles between the two armies is today inundated with floodwaters, with the villagers rising up to the occasion and making every effort to secure their homes and hearths.
		+
		+	It was this very fighting spirit of the average Punjabi that was visible 60 years ago when the Indian Army took the battle to Pakistan, and the border villages resonated with artillery gunfire, rampaging tanks, and soldiers shouting war cries.
		+
		+	However, there are numerous contributions that have either gone unrecognised over the past six decades or been forgotten in the mists of time. In this week’s column, we recall the efforts of these people and salute them for having defended the country despite not wearing an Army uniform.
		+
		+	''' The truck drivers of Punjab '''
		+
		+	The first among those who need to be recognised are the truck drivers of Punjab. The trucking profession has always attracted a substantial number of Punjabis, and these truckers did not care for their lives as they actively helped the Army.
		+
		+	Civilian trucks ferried men and materials, including arms and ammunition, deep into enemy areas that were occupied by the Indian Army in the Sialkot and Lahore sectors. These truckers also brought Pakistani prisoners of war from the war zone back to the rear areas.
		+
		+	Former Chief Election Commissioner M S Gill, who was deputy commissioner of Ambala in undivided Punjab during the war, has written how he requisitioned hundreds of trucks with just a chit of paper signed by him for transporting the 4 Mountain Division to the India-Pakistan border and how the truck company owners and drivers accepted the task without even a murmur of disagreement.
		+
		+	Unfortunately, neither the Punjab Government nor the Union Government has adequately recognised these civilian truckers, even though the truckers attached to Army units and the Army Service Corps (ASC) did receive gallantry awards. But the average Ganda Singh, Nathu Singh, or Tarsem Lal who took part in the war despite being noncombatants has gone unrecognised to date. At least a common memorial needs to come up at a suitable location in Punjab to honour their efforts.
		+
		+	''' Villagers, NCC cadets and a railwayman '''
		+
		+	The Pakistan Army’s highly trained Special Service Group (SSG) commandos were paradropped in villages adjacent to the Pathankot, Adampur, and Halwara airfields in Punjab on the intervening night of September 6 and 7.
		+
		+	However, little did these highly trained commandos achieve when faced with the combined wrath of doughty Punjabi villagers and National Cadet Corps (NCC) volunteers. Search parties of villagers, the NCC, and the police caught close to 160 of the 180 Pakistani commandos who had parachuted into Punjab.
		+
		+	The mission to sabotage the three airfields was an abysmal failure, and all captured Pakistani commandos were subjected to a sound beating before being handed over to the military authorities.
		+
		+	On September 13, two extraordinary civilians earned the Ashok Chakra Class III (now Shaurya Chakra) for their daring action of saving a train carrying diesel at the Gurdaspur railway station.
		+
		+	Chaman Lal, a fireman of the Railways, and Sergeant Partap Singh, a cadet of the NCC’s 10th Battalion in Gurdaspur, saved a goods train that was attacked by a Pakistani F-86 Sabre aircraft, with the help of 59 other NCC cadets.
		+
		+	Chaman Lal and Sergeant Partap not only prevented the destruction of wagons and valuable stores but also saved the lives of hundreds of people. Chaman Lal was given the award posthumously, while Sergeant Partap received it from President S Radhakrishnan in 1966.
		+
		+	Villagers in Punjab searching for Pakistan Army commandos who parachuted near airfields in the 1965 war.

	[[Category:China\|F CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999		[[Category:China\|F CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999

@@ Line 804: / Line 804: @@
-==A summary of the events==
+===A summary of the events===
 ====1====
 [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-happened-in-nathu-la-in-1967-india-china-border-dispute-6462532/  Sushant Singh, June 18, 2020: ''The Indian Express'']
@@ Line 878: / Line 878: @@
 This wasn’t just the assessment of external analysts. Intelligence briefings to members of Congress noted that Sino-Indian border incidents would be ongoing and “could flare up at any time.” There was a sense, however, that China was unlikely to attack in a major way at that time and more confidence in India’s capabilities. But there was also a concluding assessment: that the clashes would do nothing to ease Indian concerns about China and, in particular, “growing Indian fear of Chinese nuclear capabilities could eventually force India to build its own bomb.”
 [[Category:China|F CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999

@@ Line 771: / Line 771: @@
 Overall, the clashes at Nathu La and Cho La were considered a victory for India, as it was able to successfully defend its territory against Chinese aggression. The conflicts also highlighted the need for both countries to resolve their long-standing border disputes, which they eventually did in 1993 with the signing of the "Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas".
 ==A summary of the events==
-=====1====
+====1====
 [https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-happened-in-nathu-la-in-1967-india-china-border-dispute-6462532/  Sushant Singh, June 18, 2020: ''The Indian Express'']
@@ Line 845: / Line 878: @@
 This wasn’t just the assessment of external analysts. Intelligence briefings to members of Congress noted that Sino-Indian border incidents would be ongoing and “could flare up at any time.” There was a sense, however, that China was unlikely to attack in a major way at that time and more confidence in India’s capabilities. But there was also a concluding assessment: that the clashes would do nothing to ease Indian concerns about China and, in particular, “growing Indian fear of Chinese nuclear capabilities could eventually force India to build its own bomb.”
 [[Category:China|F CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999

@@ Line 771: / Line 771: @@
 Overall, the clashes at Nathu La and Cho La were considered a victory for India, as it was able to successfully defend its territory against Chinese aggression. The conflicts also highlighted the need for both countries to resolve their long-standing border disputes, which they eventually did in 1993 with the signing of the "Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas".
 ===How the U.S. viewed the 1967 conflict===
 [https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/how-the-u-s-viewed-the-1967-sikkim-skirmishes-between-india-and-china/  Dec 4, 2021: ''brookings.edu'']
@@ Line 799: / Line 845: @@
 This wasn’t just the assessment of external analysts. Intelligence briefings to members of Congress noted that Sino-Indian border incidents would be ongoing and “could flare up at any time.” There was a sense, however, that China was unlikely to attack in a major way at that time and more confidence in India’s capabilities. But there was also a concluding assessment: that the clashes would do nothing to ease Indian concerns about China and, in particular, “growing Indian fear of Chinese nuclear capabilities could eventually force India to build its own bomb.”
 ==1968==

@@ Line 219: / Line 219: @@
 DEC 28 Tibetan Government to relocate near India border.  ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html  Ken Herold])
-==1950: India first non-socialist country to establish diplomatic relations with PRC== [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-was-nehru-in-a-rush-to-recognise-communist-china/articleshow/108202911.cms  Vijay Gokhale, March 5, 2024: ''The Times of India'']
 '' In his new book, the former diplomat takes a look at why India took the lead in recognising communist China in the backdrop of mounting pressure by Britain and a reluctant US. And why the timing, even more than substance, was crucial ''
@@ Line 376: / Line 378: @@
 OCT 20 Nehru meets Dalai Lama in Peking.  ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html  Ken Herold])
 =1955=
 APR 2 India gives control over communications facilities in Tibet to China in accord with 1954 pact.  ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html  Ken Herold])

@@ Line 788: / Line 788: @@
 DEC 3 China setting up ICBM bases in Tibet along Indian border.  ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html  Ken Herold])
 ==1987: standoff in the Sumdorong Chu Valley ==
-India and China did not have a full-scale war in 1987. However, there was a significant military standoff between the two countries in the Sumdorong Chu Valley in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, which is also claimed by China as part of its territory.
+India and China did not have a full-scale war in 1987. However, there was a significant military standoff between the two countries in the Sumdorong Chu Valley in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.
 The standoff began in July 1987 when the Indian Army launched Operation Falcon to establish a military post in the Sumdorong Chu Valley, which China claimed as its own. The move was seen as a response to China's increasing military activities in the region, including the construction of a road near the disputed border.
@@ Line 798: / Line 798: @@
 The standoff in 1987 highlighted the unresolved border disputes between India and China and the potential for military escalation. It also led to the establishment of more robust mechanisms for border management and communication between the two countries, including the creation of a hot line between the leaders of the two countries.
+[[Category:China|F CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999
+CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS: 1900-1999]]
 ==1988==

@@ Line 787: / Line 787: @@
 DEC 3 China setting up ICBM bases in Tibet along Indian border.  ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html  Ken Herold])
 ==1988==
 JUN 16Western experts say China has tens of thousands of troops in Tibet as buffer with India.   ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html  Ken Herold])
 ==1989==
 JAN 3 Tibetans in India challenge Prime Min. Rajiv Gandhi's assertion of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet in December 1988 statement while he visited Peking.  ([http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/chron.html  Ken Herold])